Scientists are preparing to create a "miniature brain" with Neanderthal genes

"Scientists will compare Neanderthal and human-like organs to assess the speed at which stem cell division, development and tissue are analyzed into three-dimensional brain structures, and whether brain cells can be connected in different ways. "One of the results we're looking for is that genetic changes can last longer or produce more neuronal branches, "
Pabo said.
some would say that this would be the biological basis for why human brain function is so different.
", according to the Guardian, geneticists now hope to compare the physiological differences between Neanderthals and modern humans, which will help to understand why humans are different.
scientists are preparing to develop the "miniature brain", a genetic improvement program containing The genes of Neanderthal DNA, in an unprecedented scientific attempt to understand the differences between modern humans and close human species.
"micro-brains" with Neanderthal genes In the coming months, small clumps of tissue called "brain organs" will be grown from human stem cells, where some Neanderthal genes have been edited.
lentil-sized brain organs have no thinking or tactile ability and can only replicate some of the basic structures of the adult brain.
if there were significant differences in human and Neanderthal brain biology, organ-like organs would be the first to show off. Svante P?? (Svante P??
head of genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. 'Neanderthals are closest to modern humans, so we should define them as a branch of a population or human species and do a true comparative study, ' says Professor bo).
the successful international research collaboration to try to decipher the Neanderthal genome, and now they plan to introduce Neanderthal genes into the lab using sophisticated gene editing techniques.
the lab has implanted Neanderthal craniofacial development genes in mice and Neanderthal pain perception genes into frog eggs, which may indicate whether they have different pain thresholds than humans.
now the lab is trying to shift the focus of research to brain tissue. "We're looking at whether we can see differences in nerve cell function, which may be fundamental to the special cognitive abilities of humans, " said
. Pabo.
"The traditional perception of Neanderthals has long been clumsy and simple and crude, but in recent years new research will rewrite the way neanderitis is thought, and archaeological findings suggest that Neanderthals buried the dead, painted caves, and had larger brains than modern humans."
the motivation for this new study is to break through traditional perceptions of Neanderthals and gain a deeper insight into the significant differences between them and humans.
in the basement of Pabo's office, scientists are extracting DNA from ancient humans and animals (known as the "code of life") from archaeological sites around the world.
the team's success depends on strict pollution prevention measures, which they believe can contain more DNA through windows, and that workers must shower before entering the lab, then wear clothes similar to spacesuits, then uv-sterilizing and complex air filtration systems.
analyzed the differences between Neanderthals and modern humans in 2010, under these strict working conditions, Pabo and his colleagues recombined Neanderthal genetic codes from samples from severely decayed bodies of four women in Europe tens of thousands of years ago.
these genes suggest that Neanderthals interbred with our ancestors and succeeded in carrying 1-4% Neanderthal DNA in all human races outside Africa today.
also, about one-third of Neanderthal genes exist in modern humans because people get slightly different genes.
, however, there are also genetic blind spots - a large number of Neanderthal genes that have not been inherited, most likely because of their adverse effects on health, fertility, cognition or appearance. "We want edited to know if any of these things were undiscovered, resulting in significant differences between human ancestors and Neanderthals,"
Pabo said.
why can modern humans reproduce into billions of large populations, spread across the globe, and have their own cultures? He also points out that it is not clear whether the different fates of the two human species are related to cognitive differences, but it is easy to think of this.
new study focuses on the differences in three genes that are critical to brain development, using a gene-editing technique called Crispr, which has introduced human stem cells to bring modified genes closer to Neanderthals.
these stem cells can be induced to become nerve cells using chemical triggering techniques, which spontaneously gather together and spontaneously form microstructures similar to the brain, up to a few millimeters in diameter.
lack of any sensory input means that the internal neural wiring is random and that there are differences in each microbrain. "You look at what happens for nine months, and you certainly don't get a fully developed human brain, but you'll see a diverse area of brain formation, and you can study synapses, brain activity, and early developmental differences," said Gray Camp, head of the
's team of researchers in charge of organ-like experiments.
" Scientists will compare Neanderthal and human-like organs to assess the speed at which stem cells divide, develop and organize into three-dimensional brain structures, and whether brain cells can be connected in different ways." "One of the results we're looking for is that genetic changes can last longer or produce more neuronal branches, "
Pabo said.
some would say that this would be the biological basis for why human brain function is so different.
"The study does nare not reveal which species are more "intelligent", but may suggest differences in planning, social and language skills.
, the lab is also looking at why Neanderthal genes are prevalent in the DNA of European and Asian ancestors, which affect brain development.
by extracting stem cells from human synths to grow organ-like organs and seeing how Neanderthal genes turn edited and turned off, the team could see if human brain development is subtly influenced by Neanderthals. "We can regenerate Neanderthal brain structures and monitor and restore the function of Neanderthal genes,"
Kemp said.
" the team is not the first to consider restoring Neanderthal biocharacters, and Professor George Church of Harvard University previously believed that if a "adventurous woman" could be a surrogate mother, it would be possible to clone Neanderthal son-in-law.
, but Pabo countered that this is not only morally unacceptable, but that technology is not currently possible, with only a small amount of gene editing, rather than editing more than 30,000 genes, used to clone and replicate Neanderthal bodies.
would copy Neanderthals touch the bottom line of human ethics? Mr Pabo said comments like Mr Church's were very disappointing because other researchers like me had to be very rigorous and not fanciful, especially when it came to ethics. Does
lentil-sized micro-brains need to consider human ethics? Yes, to some extent. When will the
developing brain become an individual? But it's a very distant thing.
about 400,000 years ago, modern humans and Neanderthals separated into different races, human ancestors still lived in Africa, and Neanderthals migrated north to Europe.
about 60,000 years ago, according to archaeological records, there was a mass migration of modern humans, who left Africa and met Neanderthals again, and in fact Neanderthals and modern humans were more complex than previously thought, leading some to believe that the two species should be integrated into a single population.
but Pabo and other experts disagree. How
DNA revolution can decipher the mystery of human origin? Pabo says there is growing evidence of Neanderthals that may reveal the mystery of human origin, especially some of the paintings that emerged late in Neanderthal history, but I am a little ashamed that their paintings are abstract, so I don't see what they say.
there is no evidence that Neanderthals ever explored the global oceans, just as modern humans did 100,000 years ago, and they may not have the creativity to build ships. "When you don't know what the outside world is, it's very dangerous to navigate the Pacific Ocean, and Neanderthals, like other mammals, are very rational, " said
.
they don't see what's going on on the other side and they don't get into the ocean.
I personally think that the biggest question in the history of human development is why modern humans are so crazy. Source: NetEase Science.