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A non-profit academic platform initiated by overseas returnees to share information, integrate resources and exchange academics, occasionally Fengyue recently, a research report published on the medRxiv preprint platform stated that the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine research team successfully identified some biomarkers that are available To predict whether the vaccinated person will be successfully protected by the vaccine
.
This indicator of vaccine effectiveness based on "immune relevance" is the first discovery since the start of the development of the new crown vaccine
.
The immune relevance of vaccine protection is to study the relationship between a vaccine and another vaccine
.
In drug development, it is called a bridging study, which is usually determined by comparing the immune response of those who are effectively protected after vaccination and those who are still infected after vaccination (breakthrough infection)
.
For example, the basis for judging whether a new dosage form of influenza vaccine is effective is usually based on whether it can trigger a sufficiently strong antibody response against the viral protein in a small number of people, rather than by observing whether the infection rate has decreased through large-scale experiments
.
This kind of research does not require large-scale clinical trials, and the association can be determined through small-scale comparisons
.
But the trouble is that the protection efficiency of the new crown vaccine is usually relatively high, so the probability of a breakthrough infection case is relatively low
.
Researchers have to wait for a long time to wait for cases of infection that still occur after vaccination
.
In the absence of research on such breakthrough infection cases, some research groups have tried to determine the immune relevance of the new crown vaccine protection by comparing published vaccine efficacy data with data from early testing of immune responses
.
These studies show that virus blocking neutralizing antibodies are a good marker of vaccine effectiveness
.
Comparing existing vaccines, it is found that Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna's vaccines are more effective than Oxford-AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson's, and can trigger high levels of antibodies
.
Research by the Oxford-AstraZeneca research team confirmed the relationship between higher levels of neutralizing antibodies and vaccine protection
.
The team compared the immune response of 171 cases of breakthrough infection with the immune response of 404 people protected by the vaccine
.
It was found that subjects with higher levels of neutralizing antibodies and "binding" antibodies that recognize the spike protein of the new coronavirus often get stronger protection from infection, although this protection has not yet reached 100%
.
The research team used modeling to evaluate antibody levels, and the effective protection rates of different vaccines ranged from 50% to 90%
.
Miles Davenport, an immunologist at the University of New South Wales in Australia, proposed that attention should be paid to the impact of infection risk.
He found that there was no significant difference between the neutralizing antibody response of breakthrough infection and the control group
.
For example, young people have more social contact, which means that they have a higher risk of infection and therefore have higher antibody levels
.
In response, the Oxford University research team controlled for this overlapping effect in their model by estimating the subjects’ infection risk
.
Davenport said it is a challenge to determine protective antibody levels based on estimated risks rather than observed differences in antibody levels
.
The use of estimated risk is only feasible if there is a significant difference between the breakthrough infection case and the control group
.
At present, various countries in the world have used different technologies to develop and manufacture vaccines.
.
For example, Oxford vaccine uses harmless adenovirus to make cells produce antibodies, and vaccines developed by Moderna and Pfizer Biotech use recombinant genetic RNA molecules to achieve this
.
Other new coronavirus vaccines are achieved by inactivating the virus
.
David Goldblatt, a vaccinologist at University College London, said: “It is not yet certain whether the level of antibodies labeled in this study can predict the effectiveness of vaccines, especially vaccines based on different technologies
.
” In addition, there are also experts who worry about whether it is based on biomarkers.
Approved vaccines perform poorly in the real world and may disrupt epidemic prevention and control efforts
.
Therefore, we should be cautious about the approval and application of the research results
.
However, many experts still hold positive opinions.
They believe that it is important to distinguish between biomarkers that can simply predict the success of vaccines and those that have vaccine-protected immune responses
.
In addition to neutralizing antibodies that block infection in laboratory tests, vaccines also trigger antibodies with other properties, such as T cells that can kill infected cells and support other immune responses
.
All parts of the immune response may play a protective role
.
The impact of vaccine immunity is profound
.
Scientists hope to use this correlation to provide more reliable and efficient evidence for vaccine approval
.
After all, it has great advantages in reducing expensive, large-scale efficacy trials, thereby accelerating the development and application of new vaccines
.
Click on the Zhishe Talent Square below to view the latest academic recruitment extended reading.
Frying the pot, Moderna's new crown vaccine formula, look for it on GitHub? More than 500,000 people have been diagnosed with new coronary pneumonia worldwide.
Should vaccine development be "speeded up"? The Internet War on Vaccines and Anti-vaccine Why is vaccine development “must” so slow? [Zhishe Video] The 137th issue of this article is NetEase News.
NetEase's "Everyone Has Attitudes" Featured Content Media Reprinted Contact Authorization, please see below
.
This indicator of vaccine effectiveness based on "immune relevance" is the first discovery since the start of the development of the new crown vaccine
.
The immune relevance of vaccine protection is to study the relationship between a vaccine and another vaccine
.
In drug development, it is called a bridging study, which is usually determined by comparing the immune response of those who are effectively protected after vaccination and those who are still infected after vaccination (breakthrough infection)
.
For example, the basis for judging whether a new dosage form of influenza vaccine is effective is usually based on whether it can trigger a sufficiently strong antibody response against the viral protein in a small number of people, rather than by observing whether the infection rate has decreased through large-scale experiments
.
This kind of research does not require large-scale clinical trials, and the association can be determined through small-scale comparisons
.
But the trouble is that the protection efficiency of the new crown vaccine is usually relatively high, so the probability of a breakthrough infection case is relatively low
.
Researchers have to wait for a long time to wait for cases of infection that still occur after vaccination
.
In the absence of research on such breakthrough infection cases, some research groups have tried to determine the immune relevance of the new crown vaccine protection by comparing published vaccine efficacy data with data from early testing of immune responses
.
These studies show that virus blocking neutralizing antibodies are a good marker of vaccine effectiveness
.
Comparing existing vaccines, it is found that Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna's vaccines are more effective than Oxford-AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson's, and can trigger high levels of antibodies
.
Research by the Oxford-AstraZeneca research team confirmed the relationship between higher levels of neutralizing antibodies and vaccine protection
.
The team compared the immune response of 171 cases of breakthrough infection with the immune response of 404 people protected by the vaccine
.
It was found that subjects with higher levels of neutralizing antibodies and "binding" antibodies that recognize the spike protein of the new coronavirus often get stronger protection from infection, although this protection has not yet reached 100%
.
The research team used modeling to evaluate antibody levels, and the effective protection rates of different vaccines ranged from 50% to 90%
.
Miles Davenport, an immunologist at the University of New South Wales in Australia, proposed that attention should be paid to the impact of infection risk.
He found that there was no significant difference between the neutralizing antibody response of breakthrough infection and the control group
.
For example, young people have more social contact, which means that they have a higher risk of infection and therefore have higher antibody levels
.
In response, the Oxford University research team controlled for this overlapping effect in their model by estimating the subjects’ infection risk
.
Davenport said it is a challenge to determine protective antibody levels based on estimated risks rather than observed differences in antibody levels
.
The use of estimated risk is only feasible if there is a significant difference between the breakthrough infection case and the control group
.
At present, various countries in the world have used different technologies to develop and manufacture vaccines.
.
For example, Oxford vaccine uses harmless adenovirus to make cells produce antibodies, and vaccines developed by Moderna and Pfizer Biotech use recombinant genetic RNA molecules to achieve this
.
Other new coronavirus vaccines are achieved by inactivating the virus
.
David Goldblatt, a vaccinologist at University College London, said: “It is not yet certain whether the level of antibodies labeled in this study can predict the effectiveness of vaccines, especially vaccines based on different technologies
.
” In addition, there are also experts who worry about whether it is based on biomarkers.
Approved vaccines perform poorly in the real world and may disrupt epidemic prevention and control efforts
.
Therefore, we should be cautious about the approval and application of the research results
.
However, many experts still hold positive opinions.
They believe that it is important to distinguish between biomarkers that can simply predict the success of vaccines and those that have vaccine-protected immune responses
.
In addition to neutralizing antibodies that block infection in laboratory tests, vaccines also trigger antibodies with other properties, such as T cells that can kill infected cells and support other immune responses
.
All parts of the immune response may play a protective role
.
The impact of vaccine immunity is profound
.
Scientists hope to use this correlation to provide more reliable and efficient evidence for vaccine approval
.
After all, it has great advantages in reducing expensive, large-scale efficacy trials, thereby accelerating the development and application of new vaccines
.
Click on the Zhishe Talent Square below to view the latest academic recruitment extended reading.
Frying the pot, Moderna's new crown vaccine formula, look for it on GitHub? More than 500,000 people have been diagnosed with new coronary pneumonia worldwide.
Should vaccine development be "speeded up"? The Internet War on Vaccines and Anti-vaccine Why is vaccine development “must” so slow? [Zhishe Video] The 137th issue of this article is NetEase News.
NetEase's "Everyone Has Attitudes" Featured Content Media Reprinted Contact Authorization, please see below
