-
Categories
-
Pharmaceutical Intermediates
-
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
-
Food Additives
- Industrial Coatings
- Agrochemicals
- Dyes and Pigments
- Surfactant
- Flavors and Fragrances
- Chemical Reagents
- Catalyst and Auxiliary
- Natural Products
- Inorganic Chemistry
-
Organic Chemistry
-
Biochemical Engineering
- Analytical Chemistry
- Cosmetic Ingredient
-
Pharmaceutical Intermediates
Promotion
ECHEMI Mall
Wholesale
Weekly Price
Exhibition
News
-
Trade Service
The phosphorylation of long chain sphingoid bases on the primary alcohol group occurs in cells by the action of sphingosine kinase (
1
–
3
). Sphingosine kinase is present in the cytosolic fraction of most cells (
4
–
7
) and in the membrane fraction of certain tissues and organisms (
8
,
9
). The reaction product, sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP), was considered for more than 20 yr to be merely an intermediate in the catabolism of long-chain sphingoid bases to palmitaldehyde and phosphoethanolamine (
3
,
10
). Studies in our lab stimulated new interest in the potential roles of SPP as a second messenger. Initially, we found that exogenous SPP initiated cell division of quiescent Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts (
11
) and induced inositol trisphosphate-independent release of calcium from intracellular stores (
11
,
12
). SPP also has been shown to affect several signal transduction pathways including phospholipase D activation (
13
), stimulation of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway (
14
,
15
), and inhibition of ceramide-induced activation of stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK/JNK) that leads to apoptotic responses (
15
). Additional effects of SPP include stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the cytoskeleton-associated protein paxillin (
16
). These tyrosine phosphorylations are mediated through the activation of the small G protein rho, which also mediates stress fiber formation induced by SPP (
16
).