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The conversion of fertilized eggs into living embryos is one of nature's greatest achievements.
now, scientists at the University of Cambridge have re-discovered this key step towards a new life, producing artificial mouse embryos from stem cells in the laboratory.
the study was published March 2 in Science (click on the lower left corner to read the original article).
these in vitro cultured cells can evolve into primitive embryos, perfectly re-establishing the internal structure that normally develops in the womb.
scientists allowed the artificial embryos to develop in culture for seven days, about a third of the time the mice were conceived.
this point in time, the cells divide into two anatomical parts, which continue to form placental and mouse embryos, respectively.
How do scientists convert stem cells into living mouse embryos 1, two stem cells used in the experiment, one embryonic stem cell and a group of nourishing layer stem cells are mixed into a culture gel;
, a developmental biologist at the University of Cambridge who led the study, said: "We're trying to understand this amazing natural process - the power that promotes cellular self-organization early in life development.
" Zernicka-Goetz's goal is not to grow mice in-body, but to understand how the embryo develops before it is in bed.
until now, scientists have been trying to reconstruct the embryo's three-dimensional structure in vitro because it is too small in the mother's womb to be seen in detail using ultrasound.
the bed, the embryo is connected to the mother's body," said Zernicka-Goetz, a professor of technology.
be seen by ultrasound in a few weeks, but it's hard to see at this stage.
about two-thirds of miscarriages occur before bed, and women often don't even realize they're pregnant, according to scientists.
the team began to grow embryos from embryonic stem cells, which can differentiate into any kind of cell, rather than fertilized eggs, which may solve the problem of insufficient human embryos for research.
, human embryos for research are mainly provided by assisted reproductive clinics, but embryonic stem cells are unrestricted.
S. Zernicka-Goetz said, "This study allows us to study critical periods of human development without using embryos, which helps us understand why the process often goes wrong."
, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Southampton, said the study paves the way for understanding how to reduce abortion rates.
the same results can be obtained using human embryos, then we can understand why early embryo development often goes wrong and why some embryos cannot sleep," he said.
's a very important job.
paper, published in The Science, researchers mixed single embryonic stem cells with nourishing cells, which form the placenta.
cells are placed in semi-solid gels, allowing them to develop in three-dimensional form.
five days, the cell mixture multiplys and self-organizes into different cell groups.
embryonic cells began to differentiate into two cell groups.
the embryo layer develops into the heart, bones, and muscles, while other cells develop into the brain, skin, and eyes.
although the artificial embryo is similar to the real embryo, the researchers say it is unlikely that the artificial embryo will further develop into a healthy fetus.
this requires an additional egg yolk sac, which provides nutrients for the embryo and forms a network of blood vessels in the egg yolk sac.
team at the University of Cambridge hopes to use human cells to create similar artificial embryos.
Robin Lovell-Badge, a stem cell biologist at the Francis Crick Institute in London, said the challenge for researchers was that they did not know how to extract nourishing layer cells from human embryos.
mice, communication between the two cells appears to be the cause of the embryo's self-organizing.
, he added: "Scientists like to solve unknown problems, give it to them."
"