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Introduction: Studies have found that even with the same total calories consumed every day, "eating late" may lead to obesity!
A study published in Cell Metabolism (IF=31.
373) revealed the cause of obesity caused by eating late, which increased hunger when awake; Reduced serum leptin for 24 hours; Reduced energy expenditure and 24-hour core body temperature while awake; Alters adipose tissue gene expression, favoring increased fat storage
.
All of these mechanisms are associated with
an increased risk of obesity.
This finding further clarifies the physiological mechanisms by which late eating leads to obesity and will help develop time-based dietary interventions to prevent, manage, and treat obesity
.
Key findings
1.
Eating late increases hunger when awake and reduces 24-hour serum leptin;
2.
Eating late will reduce the energy expenditure of waking time and 24-hour core body temperature;
3.
Eating late will change the gene expression of adipose tissue, which is conducive to increasing lipid storage;
4.
In conclusion, these changes after eating late may increase the risk of
obesity.
Figure 1 Main mechanism
Food intake time is associated with obesity
The incidence of obesity is increasing globally, and the burden of chronic diseases caused by obesity is high
.
Circadian timing of food intake has been suggested to alter energy balance and is a key variable risk factor for obesity, with previous studies linking late eating late to an increased risk of obesity, increased body fat, and reduced weight loss success
.
However, the available evidence is unclear whether hunger and changes in appetite, energy expenditure, or both are involved, and whether molecular pathways
in adipose tissue are involved.
To this end, the researchers designed a randomized, controlled, crossover trial under the premise of controlling nutritional intake, physical activity, sleep, and light, enrolling 16 overweight or obese patients (ages 37.
3±2.
8 years; BMI 28.
7±0.
6 kg/m 2), all completed2 trial designs: one ate strictly according to the schedule (early feeding group) and the other used the exact same diet regimen but was delayed by 250 minutes (late feeding group).
Before starting the trial, participants followed the same diet and meal schedule, and their energy expenditure, body temperature, and other data
were recorded during the trial.
The study defined "late eating" as about 4 hours later than the usual eating time, such as 8:00 for breakfast and 12:00 for lunch, and 12:00 for breakfast and 16:00
for lunch.
The eating time of three meals in the early feeding group was (9:00; 13:00; 17:00), and the time of three meals in the late feeding group was extended by 250 minutes from the early feeding group, and the experimental design is shown in the figure below
.
Figure 1 Experimental design process
Note: Regular sleep/wake-up for 2 to 3 weeks prior to both trials and regular caloric meals (1A) were consumed at specified intervals (arrows indicate time frames) within the last 3 days; early feeding regimen (1B); Late eating regimen (1C)
with a 250-minute delay in meals.
Eating late increases hunger, reduces energy expenditure, and alters metabolic pathways
➤ Affects appetite-regulating hormones (leptin that promotes satiety and acylated ghrelin that promotes hunger): eating late increases hunger (P<0.
0001), changes appetite-regulating hormones, increases waking time and 24-hour hunger-related ghrelin:leptin ratios (P<0.
0001, P=0.
006, respectively).
The results obtained by analyzing hormone levels are consistent with the conclusion of increased hunger, and leptin levels decrease within 24 hours after eating late compared to eating early, which is associated
with feelings of fullness.
An increase in leptin levels indicates an increase
in the drive for energy intake.
Fig.
2 Effect of late eating on the regulation of energy intake
Fig.
3 Effect of late eating on energy expenditure
➤ Eating late reduced wake-time energy expenditure (P=0.
002) and 24-hour core body temperature (P=0.
019).
➤ Late eating alters pathways involved in lipid metabolism, such as p38MAPK signaling, TGF signaling, modulation of receptor tyrosine kinases, and autophagy, consistent
with the direction of decreased lipolysis/increased fat production.
Fig.
4 Effects of late eating on changes in directional gene expression in adipose tissue
brief summary
The results of the analysis concluded that although the same calories were consumed in 24 hours, eating late led to a decrease in 24-hour circulating leptin levels, while increasing the drive for energy intake and reducing energy expenditure
.
In addition, eating late also alters human adipose tissue gene expression, increases lipogenesis and decreases lipolysis, which will promote the accumulation
of fat mass.
Reference: Vujović, N et al.
"Late isocaloric eating increases hunger, decreases energy expenditure, and modifies metabolic pathways in adults with overweight and obesity" Cell Metabolism DOI: 10.
1016/j.
cmet.
2022.
09.
007