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"The mechanism is hard to find, the intestinal flora", this joke is often talked about by singularity cakes.
However, the influence of these billions of microbial tenants in the body is really everywhere, from thinking and cognition to digestion and reproduction, and they are everywhere.
And if the intestinal bacteria are unhelpful in the course of the disease, the singularity cake will always feel betrayed by teammates, especially after seeing a new discovery by Italian scientists: the most common liver metastasis of colorectal cancer is colonization.
The Escherichia coli in the tumor spreads to the liver and is the first to "pave the way".
This study found that a specific Escherichia coli C17 can induce damage to the intestinal vascular barrier, allowing intestinal bacteria to cross the barrier and spread to the liver.
These bacteria will create a suitable "soil" for liver metastasis of intestinal cancer.
Trying to stop this process will help control colorectal cancer metastasis [1].
The research was published on Cancer Cell.
Colorectal cancer is now the third largest cancer in the world[2], and in countries where colonoscopy screening has not been fully popularized, such as my country, many patients have distant metastases when they are diagnosed, the most common of which is liver metastasis.
It can be said that doctors are familiar with liver metastases, and they are also very experienced in dealing with them.
However, the prognosis of patients with liver metastasis is definitely worse than that of patients without metastasis, so it is best to prevent the disease before it happens.
From the anatomical structure of the human body, the large intestine and liver are indeed very close, but this does not mean that cancer cells can move easily.
Now the cancer research community has the so-called "premetastatic niche" theory: before the cancer cell metastasizes far, the metastatic target organ microenvironment has already undergone changes that are conducive to metastasis, if it is said that the metastatic cancer Cells are seeds, and the transfer-promoting niche is the soil suitable for seeds.
It may be the various substances secreted by the primary tumor that create conditions for the distant metastasis of cancer cells in advance.
Then, will the bacteria also do bad things? Scientists already know that the bacteria colonized in the primary tumor and metastasis of colorectal cancer are similar [3], but it is not clear who will come first and who will arrive later, nor can it be sure that the bacteria are not the accomplices of the metastasis.
Bacteria can't get rid of the process of colorectal cancer.
(Image source: Cancer Immunology Research) Italian scientists conducted this research to confirm that the intestinal bacteria that destroy the intestinal vascular barrier and spread to the liver will be used by colorectal cancer.
Promote liver metastasis.
However, to prove this, we must first confirm that intestinal cancer patients, the spread of intestinal bacteria after destroying the intestinal vascular barrier is indeed true.
The research team first analyzed 179 patients with colorectal cancer and found that in patients with distant metastasis, both cancer cells and normal tissue cells have increased expression of plasma membrane vesicle-associated protein (PV-1), and PV- 1 It can also predict the patient's risk of recurrence and is a clinically significant biomarker.
The reason why PV-1 is targeted is that it can also indicate that the intestinal vascular barrier has been damaged and the permeability has increased significantly.
An increase in PV-1 means that intestinal bacteria are more likely to penetrate the barrier and spread.
What breaks the intestinal vascular barrier is the special type of Escherichia coli C.
17 that colonizes intestinal cancer, as mentioned earlier.
Under a fluorescence microscope, the research team found that patients with bowel cancer with higher expression of PV-1 had significantly more bacteria in liver metastases, and the ability of cancer cells to proliferate was stronger at the site where the bacteria gathered.
Further animal experiments have shown that bacteria that accumulate in the liver can change the gene expression of liver cells, causing these cells to secrete more chemokines and recruit a large number of neutrophils and macrophages.
After these cells are attracted, the local environment becomes a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that is conducive to cancer cells, and the soil for promoting metastasis'niches' is there.
And if the mice are treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, the tumorigenesis in the intestine will not be affected, but the above series of distant metastasis processes, from the increase in the expression level of PV-1, to the breakthrough of the intestine by C.
17 The vascular barrier, and then the emergence of the pro-inflammatory microenvironment, will be significantly inhibited.
The research team pointed out in the paper that the routine of intestinal cancer for distant metastasis by intestinal bacteria may not be limited to the liver, and lung metastasis may also have a similar approach.
In the future, PV-1 is used to predict the risk of liver metastasis in patients, and probiotics are used to try to repair the intestinal vascular barrier, which may be helpful for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
But Singularity Cake has an idea: Can you measure PV-1 and C.
17 indicators while doing colonoscopy? If both early-stage bowel cancer is detected, and the indicators are positive, then a triple therapy similar to the treatment of Helicobacter pylori will be suitable.
Singularity is hiring everyone! Everybody Hi~! We need fresh blood to inject new energy into the singularity.
Come on, become the singularity cake and do a new job with us! These are the little friends we are currently looking for~ If you want to create and innovate with the singularity cakes, come join us.
Please send your resume and work (if any) to: hr@geekheal.
com or you can directly add to the WeChat (geekheal-xintan) of Geekheal-xintan for communication.
When adding friends, please note: recruitment + position + professional field.
We are waiting for you at Singularity.
References: 1.
Bertocchi A, Carloni S, Ravenda PS, et al.
Gut vascular barrier impairment leads to intestinal bacteria dissemination and colorectal cancer metastasis to liver[J].
Cancer Cell, 2021.
2.
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al.
Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].
CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 2021.
3.
Bullman S, Pedamallu CS, Sicinska E, et al.
Analysis of Fusobacterium persistence and antibiotic response in colorectal cancer[J].
Science, 2017, 358(6369): 1443-1448.
Source of head picture: Nature Author of this article | Tan Shuo
However, the influence of these billions of microbial tenants in the body is really everywhere, from thinking and cognition to digestion and reproduction, and they are everywhere.
And if the intestinal bacteria are unhelpful in the course of the disease, the singularity cake will always feel betrayed by teammates, especially after seeing a new discovery by Italian scientists: the most common liver metastasis of colorectal cancer is colonization.
The Escherichia coli in the tumor spreads to the liver and is the first to "pave the way".
This study found that a specific Escherichia coli C17 can induce damage to the intestinal vascular barrier, allowing intestinal bacteria to cross the barrier and spread to the liver.
These bacteria will create a suitable "soil" for liver metastasis of intestinal cancer.
Trying to stop this process will help control colorectal cancer metastasis [1].
The research was published on Cancer Cell.
Colorectal cancer is now the third largest cancer in the world[2], and in countries where colonoscopy screening has not been fully popularized, such as my country, many patients have distant metastases when they are diagnosed, the most common of which is liver metastasis.
It can be said that doctors are familiar with liver metastases, and they are also very experienced in dealing with them.
However, the prognosis of patients with liver metastasis is definitely worse than that of patients without metastasis, so it is best to prevent the disease before it happens.
From the anatomical structure of the human body, the large intestine and liver are indeed very close, but this does not mean that cancer cells can move easily.
Now the cancer research community has the so-called "premetastatic niche" theory: before the cancer cell metastasizes far, the metastatic target organ microenvironment has already undergone changes that are conducive to metastasis, if it is said that the metastatic cancer Cells are seeds, and the transfer-promoting niche is the soil suitable for seeds.
It may be the various substances secreted by the primary tumor that create conditions for the distant metastasis of cancer cells in advance.
Then, will the bacteria also do bad things? Scientists already know that the bacteria colonized in the primary tumor and metastasis of colorectal cancer are similar [3], but it is not clear who will come first and who will arrive later, nor can it be sure that the bacteria are not the accomplices of the metastasis.
Bacteria can't get rid of the process of colorectal cancer.
(Image source: Cancer Immunology Research) Italian scientists conducted this research to confirm that the intestinal bacteria that destroy the intestinal vascular barrier and spread to the liver will be used by colorectal cancer.
Promote liver metastasis.
However, to prove this, we must first confirm that intestinal cancer patients, the spread of intestinal bacteria after destroying the intestinal vascular barrier is indeed true.
The research team first analyzed 179 patients with colorectal cancer and found that in patients with distant metastasis, both cancer cells and normal tissue cells have increased expression of plasma membrane vesicle-associated protein (PV-1), and PV- 1 It can also predict the patient's risk of recurrence and is a clinically significant biomarker.
The reason why PV-1 is targeted is that it can also indicate that the intestinal vascular barrier has been damaged and the permeability has increased significantly.
An increase in PV-1 means that intestinal bacteria are more likely to penetrate the barrier and spread.
What breaks the intestinal vascular barrier is the special type of Escherichia coli C.
17 that colonizes intestinal cancer, as mentioned earlier.
Under a fluorescence microscope, the research team found that patients with bowel cancer with higher expression of PV-1 had significantly more bacteria in liver metastases, and the ability of cancer cells to proliferate was stronger at the site where the bacteria gathered.
Further animal experiments have shown that bacteria that accumulate in the liver can change the gene expression of liver cells, causing these cells to secrete more chemokines and recruit a large number of neutrophils and macrophages.
After these cells are attracted, the local environment becomes a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that is conducive to cancer cells, and the soil for promoting metastasis'niches' is there.
And if the mice are treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, the tumorigenesis in the intestine will not be affected, but the above series of distant metastasis processes, from the increase in the expression level of PV-1, to the breakthrough of the intestine by C.
17 The vascular barrier, and then the emergence of the pro-inflammatory microenvironment, will be significantly inhibited.
The research team pointed out in the paper that the routine of intestinal cancer for distant metastasis by intestinal bacteria may not be limited to the liver, and lung metastasis may also have a similar approach.
In the future, PV-1 is used to predict the risk of liver metastasis in patients, and probiotics are used to try to repair the intestinal vascular barrier, which may be helpful for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
But Singularity Cake has an idea: Can you measure PV-1 and C.
17 indicators while doing colonoscopy? If both early-stage bowel cancer is detected, and the indicators are positive, then a triple therapy similar to the treatment of Helicobacter pylori will be suitable.
Singularity is hiring everyone! Everybody Hi~! We need fresh blood to inject new energy into the singularity.
Come on, become the singularity cake and do a new job with us! These are the little friends we are currently looking for~ If you want to create and innovate with the singularity cakes, come join us.
Please send your resume and work (if any) to: hr@geekheal.
com or you can directly add to the WeChat (geekheal-xintan) of Geekheal-xintan for communication.
When adding friends, please note: recruitment + position + professional field.
We are waiting for you at Singularity.
References: 1.
Bertocchi A, Carloni S, Ravenda PS, et al.
Gut vascular barrier impairment leads to intestinal bacteria dissemination and colorectal cancer metastasis to liver[J].
Cancer Cell, 2021.
2.
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al.
Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].
CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 2021.
3.
Bullman S, Pedamallu CS, Sicinska E, et al.
Analysis of Fusobacterium persistence and antibiotic response in colorectal cancer[J].
Science, 2017, 358(6369): 1443-1448.
Source of head picture: Nature Author of this article | Tan Shuo
