Summary of Diabetes Laboratory Testing Items and Their Clinical Significance

Diabetes mellitus ( DM ) is a general term for a group of heterogeneous endocrine and metabolic diseases caused by different etiologies and pathogenesis of insulin deficiency or reduced insulin action in the body, and clinically characterized by abnormal glucose metabolism

Diabetes mellitus (DM ) is a general term for a group of heterogeneous endocrine and metabolic diseases caused by different etiologies and pathogenesis of insulin deficiency or decreased insulin action in the body, and clinically characterized by abnormal glucose metabolism .

Traditional DM diagnosis and treatment monitoring uses fasting blood glucose ( FBG ), postprandial blood glucose ( PBG ) and oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ), etc.

Glucose ( GLU ) Glucose ( GLU ) GLU

1.

1.

2.

1,5 - Anhydro -D- sorbitol ( 1,5-AG ) 1,5 - Anhydro -D- sorbitol ( 1,5-AG )

1.

1.

2.

3.

Glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) Glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) HbA1c

1.

1.

2.

3.

Insulin ( INS ) Insulin ( INS ) INS

1.

1.

2.
Monitor serum insulin levels so that doctors can determine the correct treatment plan
.

3.
It is mainly suitable for patients without insulin treatment.
It can be measured by drawing blood on an empty stomach and 2 hours after a meal, and the postprandial level should be 4-5 times higher than that on an empty stomach .
If the insulin level is significantly reduced, it is called an absolute deficiency, which can be seen in type 1 diabetes; if there is no significant reduction, but the blood sugar rises, it is called a relative deficiency, because there is a malfunction in the link where insulin works, which is often seen in Type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance .

3.
It is mainly suitable for patients without insulin treatment.
It can be measured by drawing blood on an empty stomach and 2 hours after a meal, and the postprandial level should be 4-5 times higher than that on an empty stomach .
If the insulin level is significantly reduced, it is called an absolute deficiency, which can be seen in type 1 diabetes; if there is no significant reduction, but the blood sugar rises, it is called a relative deficiency, because there is a malfunction in the link where insulin works, which is often seen in Type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance .

Free Fatty Acids ( NEFA )

Free Fatty Acids ( NEFA ) Free Fatty Acids ( NEFA )

1.
NEFA is a very sensitive indicator that reflects lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and endocrine function
.
In patients with metabolic syndrome , high NEFA concentration indicates a high risk of converting insulin resistance to diabetes, which has guiding significance for clinical diagnosis and treatment of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, and reducing the risk factors of cardiovascular
disease .

1.
NEFA is a very sensitive indicator that reflects lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and endocrine function
.
In patients with metabolic syndrome , high metabolic syndrome NEFA concentration indicates a high risk of insulin resistance conversion to diabetes, which has guiding significance for clinical diagnosis and treatment of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, and reducing the risk factors of cardiovascular
disease .
Blood vessel

2.
Monitor serum insulin levels so that doctors can determine the correct treatment plan
.

2.
Monitor serum insulin levels so that doctors can determine the correct treatment plan
.

3.
It is mainly suitable for patients without insulin treatment.
It can be measured by drawing blood on an empty stomach and 2 hours after a meal, and the postprandial level should be 4-5 times higher than that on an empty stomach .
If the insulin level is significantly reduced, it is called an absolute deficiency, which can be seen in type 1 diabetes; if there is no significant reduction, but the blood sugar rises, it is called a relative deficiency, because there is a malfunction in the link where insulin works, which is often seen in Type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance .

3.
It is mainly suitable for patients without insulin treatment.
It can be measured by drawing blood on an empty stomach and 2 hours after a meal, and the postprandial level should be 4-5 times higher than that on an empty stomach .
If the insulin level is significantly reduced, it is called an absolute deficiency, which can be seen in type 1 diabetes; if there is no significant reduction, but the blood sugar rises, it is called a relative deficiency, because there is a malfunction in the link where insulin works, which is often seen in Type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance .

Pyruvate ( PYR )

Pyruvate ( PYR ) Pyruvate ( PYR )

PYR is an important intermediate product of glucose catabolism and anabolism in vivo
.
In clinical tests , checking serum pyruvate can diagnose whether the patient suffers from diabetic metabolic disorder, uremia, acidosis and other diseases
.

PYR is an important intermediate product of glucose catabolism and anabolism in vivo
.
In clinical tests , checking serum pyruvate can diagnose whether the patient suffers from diabetic metabolic disorder, uremia, acidosis and other diseases
.

PYR is often clinically measured together with lactate, and the ratio of the two is used to predict the severity of circulatory failure
.
Elevated lactate / pyruvate ratio is an indicator to judge the severity of tissue hypoxia, and it is also valuable for the detection of ethanol-induced ketosis
.

PYR is often clinically measured together with lactate, and the ratio of the two is used to predict the severity of circulatory failure
.
Elevated lactate / pyruvate ratio is an indicator to judge the severity of tissue hypoxia, and it is also valuable for the detection of ethanol-induced ketosis
.

L- Lactate ( LAC )

L- Lactate ( LAC ) L- Lactate ( LAC )

1.
Acute complications of diabetes, such as infection , ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia and hyperosmolar state, can cause lactic acid accumulation and induce lactic acidosis
.
Lactic acidosis can coexist with ketoacidosis
.

1.
Acute complications of diabetes, such as infection , ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia and hyperosmolar state, can cause lactic acid accumulation and induce lactic acidosis
.
Lactic acidosis can coexist with ketoacidosis
.
Infect

2.
The combined heart, liver and kidney diseases of diabetic patients lead to poor tissue perfusion and hypoxemia; the patient’s glycosylated hemoglobin level increases, and the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin decreases, which is more likely to cause local hypoxia to increase lactic acid production; liver and kidney dysfunction Metabolism, transformation and excretion of lactic acid, leading to lactic acidosis
.
 

2.
The combined heart, liver and kidney diseases of diabetic patients lead to poor tissue perfusion and hypoxemia; the patient’s glycosylated hemoglobin level increases, and the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin decreases, which is more likely to cause local hypoxia to increase lactic acid production; liver and kidney dysfunction Metabolism, transformation and excretion of lactic acid, leading to lactic acidosis
.
 

Glycated albumin ( GA )

Glycated albumin ( GA ) Glycated albumin ( GA ) GA

1.
It can reflect the average blood sugar level of patients in the 2-3 weeks before the measurement, making up for the deficiency that HbA1c cannot reflect the changes in blood sugar concentration in a short period of time .

1.
It can reflect the average blood sugar level of patients in the 2-3 weeks before the measurement, making up for the deficiency that HbA1c cannot reflect the changes in blood sugar concentration in a short period of time .

2.
Suitable for dialysis patients: Hemodialysis will affect the lifespan of red blood cells, resulting in a low level of HbA1c , while the determination of GA is not affected .
The specificity is better than that of fructose ( Fruc ): Fruc is easily affected by factors such as protein concentration, bilirubin, chyle and low molecular substances in the blood; and GA detection is a quantitative determination of GA based on Frucde , using serum glycation The percentage of albumin to serum albumin represents the level of GA , which removes the effect of serum albumin level on the test results, so GA is more accurate .

2.
Suitable for dialysis patients: Hemodialysis will affect the lifespan of red blood cells, resulting in a low level of HbA1c , while the determination of GA is not affected .
The specificity is better than that of fructose ( Fruc ): Fruc is easily affected by factors such as protein concentration, bilirubin, chyle and low molecular substances in the blood; and GA detection is a quantitative determination of GA based on Frucde , using serum glycation The percentage of albumin to serum albumin represents the level of GA , which removes the effect of serum albumin level on the test results, so GA is more accurate .
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