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*Only for medical professionals to read, reference and suggest collections! The application of antibacterial drugs involves various clinical departments, and mastering the classification of antibacterial drugs and the characteristics of their antibacterial effects is the basis for the rational application of antibacterial drugs
.
1.
Penicillins 1.
Penicillin potassium cannot be injected rapidly intravenously (65mg potassium per 1 million IU)
.
2.
Penicillin has strong antibacterial activity against Streptococcus hemolyticus (G+ bacteria)
.
The pathogens of acute bacterial pharyngitis and tonsillitis are mainly group A hemolytic streptococci, and penicillin is the first choice
.
3.
Ampicillin is the first choice for Enterococcus and Listeria infections
.
4.
Bacterial meningitis (children aged less than 1 month) common pathogens include G+ bacteria (group B hemolytic streptococcus, Listeria), G-bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia), Ampicillin + ceftriaxone is the first choice
.
2.
Cephalosporins 1.
All cephalosporin antibiotics have poor antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus and Enterococcus
.
2.
It is mainly excreted by the kidneys.
Patients with moderate or more renal insufficiency should adjust the dosage according to the renal function
.
When the liver function is moderate or above, cefoperazone and ceftriaxone may need to be adjusted
.
3.
The vast majority of cephalosporins have been reported to cause disulfiram-like reactions.
During medication and at least 72 hours after the end of treatment, you should abstain from alcohol or avoid ingesting alcoholic beverages
.
4.
Cefoperazone can cause hypothrombinemia or bleeding.
Combination of vitamin K can prevent bleeding
.
3.
Cephalosporins and Oxycephalosporins 1.
The antibacterial spectrum is similar to the second and third generation cephalosporins
.
2.
It has a good effect on anaerobic bacteria
.
3.
Stable to β-lactamase
.
4.
It can cause disulfiram-like reactions
.
Four, carbapenems and penicillenes 1.
Carbapenems can cause serious central nervous system adverse reactions
.
2.
Patients with central nervous system infection should not use imipenem/cilastatin
.
3.
Carbapenems can reduce the blood concentration of valproic acid and increase the risk of epileptic seizures
.
Combined application is not recommended .
4.
Penicillene antibacterial drugs: Faropenem can be taken orally
.
5.
Monocyclic β-lactams 1.
Mainly used for aerobic G-bacteria infection
.
2.
Low nephrotoxicity
.
3.
Rare cross allergic reactions with penicillins
.
6.
Aminoglycosides 1.
Mainly used for G-bacillus infection
.
2.
Has nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity (cochlea, vestibular)
.
3.
Has neuromuscular blockade
.
7.
Lincosamides 1.
Lincosamides and macrolides have the same mechanism of action.
They mainly bind to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and have cross-resistance
.
2.
Both lincosamides and aminoglycosides have neuromuscular blocking effects, so avoid using them together as much as possible
.
3.
Clindamycin can be excreted through bile and feces, and the antibacterial activity in feces can last for 5 days after stopping the drug
.
Easily cause double infection and pseudomembranous enteritis
.
8.
Tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines 1.
Glycylcyclines are derivatives of tetracyclines, which can also cause permanent tooth staining and enamel dysplasia in patients with tooth development (from embryonic stage to 8 years old)
.
2.
Minocycline, doxycycline: can cause benign intracranial hypertension, adverse vestibular reactions and skin pigmentation
.
3.
Medication explanation: Minocycline and doxycycline should be taken with food and taken with a large glass of water.
After taking the medicine, stand upright for more than 1 hour and avoid light
.
9.
Macrolides 1.
Macrolides can prolong the QT interval and even cause fatal torsion de pointes
.
2.
Macrolide drugs have liver toxicity and can also cause tinnitus and hearing impairment
.
3.
Erythromycin has the risk of causing pyloric stenosis and is not recommended for newborns within 28 days
.
4.
Erythromycin has a significant effect on promoting gastrointestinal motility
.
5.
Erythromycin and clarithromycin: have a strong inhibitory effect on CYP3A4, and can significantly increase the blood concentration of nifedipine and simvastatin
.
10.
Quinolones 1.
Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin have Pseudomonas aeruginosa activity
.
2.
Moxifloxacin has strong anti-anaerobic activity and can be used as a single agent to treat mild and complex abdominal infections; when levofloxacin is used for abdominal, biliary tract infections and pelvic infections, it needs to be combined with anti-anaerobic drugs such as metronidazole
.
3.
During medication, diabetic patients should pay close attention to changes in blood sugar
.
11.
Nitroimidazoles 1.
Metronidazole, tinidazole: by inhibiting acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, causing disulfiram-like reactions, drinking alcohol is forbidden during medication and at least 3 days after drug withdrawal
.
2.
Instructions for Ornidazole Injection: Ornidazole has no inhibitory effect on acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
.
(There are reports of disulfiram-like reactions caused by ornidazole in China) 3.
Metronidazole is the first choice for amoebic enteropathy
.
4.
Antibiotic-related diarrhea or pseudomembranous enteritis (Clostridium difficile infection): oral metronidazole is the first choice, oral vancomycin is the first choice when metronidazole is ineffective or severely ill
.
12.
Other end of the text
.
1.
Penicillins 1.
Penicillin potassium cannot be injected rapidly intravenously (65mg potassium per 1 million IU)
.
2.
Penicillin has strong antibacterial activity against Streptococcus hemolyticus (G+ bacteria)
.
The pathogens of acute bacterial pharyngitis and tonsillitis are mainly group A hemolytic streptococci, and penicillin is the first choice
.
3.
Ampicillin is the first choice for Enterococcus and Listeria infections
.
4.
Bacterial meningitis (children aged less than 1 month) common pathogens include G+ bacteria (group B hemolytic streptococcus, Listeria), G-bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia), Ampicillin + ceftriaxone is the first choice
.
2.
Cephalosporins 1.
All cephalosporin antibiotics have poor antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus and Enterococcus
.
2.
It is mainly excreted by the kidneys.
Patients with moderate or more renal insufficiency should adjust the dosage according to the renal function
.
When the liver function is moderate or above, cefoperazone and ceftriaxone may need to be adjusted
.
3.
The vast majority of cephalosporins have been reported to cause disulfiram-like reactions.
During medication and at least 72 hours after the end of treatment, you should abstain from alcohol or avoid ingesting alcoholic beverages
.
4.
Cefoperazone can cause hypothrombinemia or bleeding.
Combination of vitamin K can prevent bleeding
.
3.
Cephalosporins and Oxycephalosporins 1.
The antibacterial spectrum is similar to the second and third generation cephalosporins
.
2.
It has a good effect on anaerobic bacteria
.
3.
Stable to β-lactamase
.
4.
It can cause disulfiram-like reactions
.
Four, carbapenems and penicillenes 1.
Carbapenems can cause serious central nervous system adverse reactions
.
2.
Patients with central nervous system infection should not use imipenem/cilastatin
.
3.
Carbapenems can reduce the blood concentration of valproic acid and increase the risk of epileptic seizures
.
Combined application is not recommended .
4.
Penicillene antibacterial drugs: Faropenem can be taken orally
.
5.
Monocyclic β-lactams 1.
Mainly used for aerobic G-bacteria infection
.
2.
Low nephrotoxicity
.
3.
Rare cross allergic reactions with penicillins
.
6.
Aminoglycosides 1.
Mainly used for G-bacillus infection
.
2.
Has nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity (cochlea, vestibular)
.
3.
Has neuromuscular blockade
.
7.
Lincosamides 1.
Lincosamides and macrolides have the same mechanism of action.
They mainly bind to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and have cross-resistance
.
2.
Both lincosamides and aminoglycosides have neuromuscular blocking effects, so avoid using them together as much as possible
.
3.
Clindamycin can be excreted through bile and feces, and the antibacterial activity in feces can last for 5 days after stopping the drug
.
Easily cause double infection and pseudomembranous enteritis
.
8.
Tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines 1.
Glycylcyclines are derivatives of tetracyclines, which can also cause permanent tooth staining and enamel dysplasia in patients with tooth development (from embryonic stage to 8 years old)
.
2.
Minocycline, doxycycline: can cause benign intracranial hypertension, adverse vestibular reactions and skin pigmentation
.
3.
Medication explanation: Minocycline and doxycycline should be taken with food and taken with a large glass of water.
After taking the medicine, stand upright for more than 1 hour and avoid light
.
9.
Macrolides 1.
Macrolides can prolong the QT interval and even cause fatal torsion de pointes
.
2.
Macrolide drugs have liver toxicity and can also cause tinnitus and hearing impairment
.
3.
Erythromycin has the risk of causing pyloric stenosis and is not recommended for newborns within 28 days
.
4.
Erythromycin has a significant effect on promoting gastrointestinal motility
.
5.
Erythromycin and clarithromycin: have a strong inhibitory effect on CYP3A4, and can significantly increase the blood concentration of nifedipine and simvastatin
.
10.
Quinolones 1.
Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin have Pseudomonas aeruginosa activity
.
2.
Moxifloxacin has strong anti-anaerobic activity and can be used as a single agent to treat mild and complex abdominal infections; when levofloxacin is used for abdominal, biliary tract infections and pelvic infections, it needs to be combined with anti-anaerobic drugs such as metronidazole
.
3.
During medication, diabetic patients should pay close attention to changes in blood sugar
.
11.
Nitroimidazoles 1.
Metronidazole, tinidazole: by inhibiting acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, causing disulfiram-like reactions, drinking alcohol is forbidden during medication and at least 3 days after drug withdrawal
.
2.
Instructions for Ornidazole Injection: Ornidazole has no inhibitory effect on acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
.
(There are reports of disulfiram-like reactions caused by ornidazole in China) 3.
Metronidazole is the first choice for amoebic enteropathy
.
4.
Antibiotic-related diarrhea or pseudomembranous enteritis (Clostridium difficile infection): oral metronidazole is the first choice, oral vancomycin is the first choice when metronidazole is ineffective or severely ill
.
12.
Other end of the text
