The composition of cytospit bodies in silky fungi, the positioning of sub-bases, related functions and the progress of regulatory research.

Exocyst is a complex of 8 subunits in eukaryotic cells that plays an important role in the direction and tethering of secretion vesicles produced by the post-Gorky body and specific locations in the cell membrane.
some small G proteins perform accurate space-time regulation of polar extracellular secretion by interacting directly with the sub-base of the cytoplasmic body.
the growth of filamentous fungi is accomplished by polar growth at the top of mycelium, and has a strong ability to secrete proteins, which is an ideal system for studying cytoplasm.
cytoplasm has a great influence on the morphology and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi.
this paper summarizes the current research progress of cytosic in silky fungi, including its composition, sub-base positioning, related functions and regulation.
silky fungi are widely distributed and are closely related to humans.
, for example, in industry, the use of silky fungi with strong secretion capacity to produce enzymes, organic acids and other substances.
filamentous fungi can also cause crop diseases and human diseases. the remarkable morphological characteristics of
filaments are the production of rich nutritional mycelium, which extends and depends on polar growth in structures such as the top Spitzenk?rper (top body).
polar growth requires continuous transport of growth-related substances to the growth point at the top of the mycelium.
, the filamentfuny fungus has a strong extoocellular secretion ability and has been developed into an efficient genetically engineered expression and secretion system. The polar growth and polar extracellular secretion of
filament fungus are closely related to the transport system of high-efficiency vesicles, and have become the ideal mode system for studying the transport mechanism of secretion vesicles.
With the rapid development of functional genomics and genetic engineering research of filamentous fungi, the understanding of vesicle transport is also deepening. The transport and secretion process of
secretion of vesicles is common in eukaryotic cells and is an extremely complex dynamic process.
this process relies on the steps of secretion of vesicles, transport, orientation, tethering, anchoring and fusion, and is directly involved in physiological processes such as cell polar growth, hormone secretion, neurosignaling and polar extracellular secretion. At
the same time, the process of vesicle transport and secretion is regulated by a series of proteins, which interact with a sophisticated regulatory network, so that proteins synthesized in the coarse endosomene network of ribose can be transported to a specific location at a specific time to function.
after extensive research on the transport of secreted vesicles, it was found that before the fusion of secretion vesicles and cell membranes, the process of butting and tying the secretion of vesicles and cell membranes would occur, which is also the basis for fusion.
has found eight types of multi-sub-sub-chain complex involved in the vesicle-chaining process, of which the most clear lying is the cytosic body.
cytoplasm is evolutionaryly conservative and is common in eukaryotes.
the research on cytospit in the silky fungus is still in its infancy at home and abroad, and the relevant molecular mechanisms are being explored.
we review the progress of the research progress of the cytosic spit body in the silky fungus, the positioning of subbases, related functions and regulation, and hope to be helpful to the future research in this direction. The function of the functional cytoplasm
is mainly to tie the secretion of vesicles and cell membranes during the vesicle transport process, which is directly related to polar extracellular secretion.
polar exocellular secretion process can be divided into three steps: the first step, after the Gorky body releases the secretion of follicles, through a transport system composed of microtubes or actin, to transport to a specific location in the cell membrane.
the second step, secreting vesicles is tied and anchored to specific locations in the cell membrane.
the third step, under the guidance of the protein complex SNARE, the fusion of secreted vesicles and cell membranes occurs. After
fusion, the contents of the secretion vesicles have two gos, one is added to the cell membrane, and the other is secreted into the extracellular environment.
filamentous fungi, cytosactotic mediated vesicle transport, there are many functions involved, here mainly involved in polar growth and pathogenicity of the role. The mycelium of polar growth filaments of
cytosis and filaments is formed by the connection of slender cells into a chain, and the growth of mycelium is done by the extension of the cells at the top of mycelium.
in the cells at the top of mycelium, the growth site is only present at the top, under the action of microtubes and power proteins, secretes the follicles to transport the material needed for cell growth to the growth site, and eventually form slender cells, which is typical of polar growth.
polar growth requires the involvement of Spitzenk?rper, polar, cytoplasmic, microtubes, myoglobin, and myoglobulin.
cytospit body mediates the binding of secretion vesicles from the post-Gorky body and cell membranes, which has an important effect on the growth and development of filamentous fungi and the occurrence of morphology. The faster the
mycelium growth, the more active the cytosic body becomes. in the study of the structure dysmorphia,
, using the time-lapse imaging technique of fluorescent fusion protein, a model of the growth of the top of mycelium was obtained.
the secretion of vesicles containing substances such as cell wall synthase, released from the post-Gorky body, powered by the driven protein, moves along the microtube to the top of the mycelium.
first gathers at the lower part of the top of mycelium to form Spitzenk?rper, which is then powered by myoglobin, and transports along the actin bundle to a specific location in the cell membrane at the top of mycelium.
releases its inclusions when it fuses with the cell membrane.
finally, the secretion of vesicles is returned from the endostomy process to the post-Gorky formation cycle. structures such as
Spitzenk?rper, microtubes, and actin bundles are dynamic and move along with the extension of mycelium. The polar growth model of the top of the
filament edicom, which is involved by the cytosic body, etc., is shown in Figure 2. Some progress has been made in the study of growth and development control involving sub-bases of the silky fungus cell spit body in
.
knocked out the Sec3 gene of white candida, it was found that the secretion of the loaves could not be tied to a specific location of the cell membrane at the top of mycelium, the growth rate of mycelium greatly slowed down, the morphological abnormality.
although the germination tube can form normally, but after the formation of the diaphragm protein ring, the top of the mycelium from the original growth in one direction to the growth in all directions, the top of the mycelium expanded into a spherical shape.
by building a GFP-v-SNARE report ingess of black citricecinia, it was found that the growth rate slowed after the Sec3 gene was removed, and the top of the mycelium swelled.
knocking out the Sec3 gene in yeast can lead to yeast death, suggesting that cytosic-mediated vesicle transport is different in yeast and silky fungi.
placethetizes the Sec6 gene of white Candida under the initiator of tetracycline regulation, conditionally controlling the expression of the Sec6 gene.
found that white candida died after surviving 72 h in conditions that inhibited the expression of the Sec6 gene.
after culture to 24 h, the test found that the accumulation of secretion of vesicles in the cell, mycelium lateral branch growth greatly reduced, cell wall structure abnormal.
the same method to inhibit the expression of the Sec15 gene, found that white candida died after 5h, sensitive to a few butythases, mycelium branch increased, cell vomit positioning abnormal. the polar growth of
filamentous fungus requires the secretion of vesicle transport-related substances, abnormalcy of the cytosic body can lead to slow growth, and due to mispositioning errors can lead to abnormal mycelium morphology.
the regulation and outlook of cytonucleosome in eukalmic cells mainly rely on small G proteins, a class of proteins that are activated and inactivated by combining GTP, including SEC4, RHO1, CDC42, and RHO3.
the regulation of small G proteins on cytosaches can be divided into three steps: first, Rab and Ral bind directly to the sub-sub-sub-system of the cytosic spit, promote the assembly of the cytosachetic body, so that the secretion of vesicles and cell membranes are butted and tied; Cdc42 activates cystic spitting to facilitate the assembly and activation of the t-SNARE dipolymer, and in the third step, the activated t-SNARE dipolymer binds to v-SNARE on the vesicles, allowing the vesicles to fuse with the membrane. the SEC6 sub-base of the
cytosic spit can bind directly to the SNARE complex, which facilitates its assembly and activation, and the SNARE complex allows the secretion of vesicles and cell membranes to fuse.
in the gray grape spore Botrytis cinerea, after the Sec4 gene is knocked out, the growth rate of gray grape spores decreases, spore production decreases, and the toxicity to apples and grapes decreases.
cells found internal lysamy in the concentration of follicles at the top, the secretion of extracellular protein is greatly reduced. the content of cell wall degradation enzymes (polysaccharide aloxase and xylitose) in the
medium also decreased.
after the sec4 homologous gene in the smoky mold Aspergillus fumigatus, the growth rate slows down, the colony form is diversified, the spore form is irregular, and the environmental stimuli become more sensitive.
the new cryptococcus neoformans sec4 homologous gene was knocked out, it was found that the cell accumulated secretion of vesicles, slowed growth, protein secretion slowed down, and decreased the secretion of polysaccharides in the membrane.
, the cytoplasmic body is also regulated by phosphoric kinase.
in white Candida, EXO84 can be Cdk1 phosphorylation, although this has no effect on the positioning of EXO84 and the assembly of cytosachetose, but its efficient mycelium extension and normal mycelium form is necessary, while reducing the combination of EXO84 and phospholipids, promote its separation from the cell membrane and into circulation.
there are a large number of proteins regulated by cytospit in the
filamentous fungus, these proteins work together to form a complex regulatory network, at present we do not know how to accurately regulate the cytoplasmic body.
prospectcytous is found in yeast and current research has extended to most eyre organisms.
but there is not much research on silky fungal cytosics, and preliminary studies have shown that there are more complex cell location, regulatory mechanisms and functions than yeast.
in addition to responsible for the extracellular secretion of the substance, but also involved in a number of other cell physiological, biochemical processes.
our laboratory is conducting research on the cytoplasm sub-base function of gray grape spores, and preliminary experimental results show that cytoscans are involved in pathogenicity.
studies have shown that in addition to regulating the secretion of vesicles into cells, the cytosis can also regulate the transport of vesicles within cells, such as autoptic stoictransport to bubbles caused by autophagy.
the overall structure of cytoplasm, the relationship between the autophagy and cytospora of gray grape spores can be further studied.
related issues such as molecular identification, sub-base interaction, complex assembly and de-separation, the relationship between complex and intracellular membrane system in the cytoplasmic spitting body in the silky fungus, are the molecular basis for understanding its structure and its function.
on this basis, it is also very meaningful to study the processofs of cytosic spit in the growth and development of fungi, the secretion of vesicle ties, the transport and presentation of substances and pathogenic factors, the identification and pathogenicity of the host, the autophagy of cells and the death of clanphilia tics.
these are the questions that need to be answered to further analyze the role and mechanism of cytoplasm.
Source: Application of Microbial Technology.