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    Home > Biochemistry News > Biotechnology News > The development and prospect of "gene magic shear" technology.

    The development and prospect of "gene magic shear" technology.

    • Last Update: 2020-10-01
    • Source: Internet
    • Author: User
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    The star-studded technology CRISPR/Cas9, which sparked the global storm after the advent of "gene scissors", has been in the public eye since its inception in 2002.
    the technology was named one of Science's Top 10 Scientific Breakthroughs in 2012, 2013 and 2015, and was named one of the top 10 most influential technologies of the 21st century by the media, as well as a strong contender for the Nobel Prize.
    size of the global gene editing market, including CRISPR, TALEN and ZFN, is expected to grow from $3.19 billion in 2017 to $6.28 billion in 2022, with a compound annual growth rate of 14.5%.
    , the market size of CRISPR technology will grow from $562 million in 2018 to $1.715 billion in 2023, with a compound annual growth rate of 25%.
    behind this include growing government and private sector funding and the future popularity of CRISPR technology.
    financing, the total amount raised by TOP5 gene editing non-listed companies worldwide in 2018 has exceeded US$1 billion.
    that the global gene editing-related company financing will continue to be high in the future. In the field of
    diseases, the "tentacles" of gene therapy have been extended from the initial single-gene genetic diseases to a wider range of disease areas such as tumors, sickle anemia, haemophilia, AIDS, hepatitis B, hereditary psychosis, autoimmune diseases, neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases.
    research articles, more than 6,500 CRISPR-related literatures have been published in the last five years (see figure below), an increasing number that suggests CRISPR technology has become the hottest research tool in gene editing today.
    1 Number of CRISPR-themed literature published globally 2015-2019 Source: Pubmed CRISPR/Cas9 Development Overview CrispR Technology Discovery Has been going on for more than 20 years.
    First, in 1987, Japanese scholars discovered a series of interval repetition sequences in the alkaline phosphatase gene of E. coli K12;
    2002, the technology was officially named CRISPR by Jansen, and Chinese is "a sequence of short echo repetitions of clustered regular intervals", whereas the nucleic acid intracession enzyme commonly used in this system is Cas9.
    after six years of research, the link between this repeat sequence and bacterial-remunerative immunity was finally demonstrated between 2005 and 2008.
    the system, bacteria can silently remove viral genes from their chromosomes, a peculiar immune system.
    the end of 2012, Doudna and Charpentier built CRISPR/Cas9, a short RNA-mediated DNA nucleic acid intra-cutting enzyme, for the first time in an in-body system for the study of co-authors, marking the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology.
    2014, the Broad Institute (Team Zhang Feng) was the first U.S. Patent and Trademark Office patent grant for CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
    pioneers of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, including Zhang Feng and two female scientists, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier (pictured below).
    Figure 2 Zhang Feng, Doudna and Charpentier Data Source: Three scientists have received numerous honors and awards, as well as great commercial success: Editas Pharmaceuticals, Intellia Therapeutics and CRISPR Therapeutics's "Big Three" IPO in February, May and October 2016 (a detailed description of the three pioneers and their products will be released to the public next issue).
    the CRISPR/Cas9 patent battle over CRISPR/Cas9 technology patents is more like a legendary story, centered around "the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the ucleocytes."
    the war was the first patent grant from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on CRISPR/Cas9 technology from the Broad Institute in 2014.
    Doudna's patent application for CRISPR/Cas9 technology for editing all types of cells, including bacteria, plants, animals and humans, has been delayed.
    Dondna's patent was filed about seven months earlier than Zhang Feng's.
    because Zhang Feng's patent application for fast track, the patent was granted to Zhang Feng's team.
    means that Zhang Feng's team has the power to use CRISPR/Cas9 on all creatures except bacteria, including mice, pigs and people.
    time forward, as early as 2012, Doudna and Charpentier collaborated to publish crispr/Cas9's article in the journal Science on the precise cutting of bacterial (primary nuclear cell) DNA in test tubes.
    only half a year later, Zhang Feng's team published its first paper on CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in human cells (etonutellular cells) in the journal Science in early 2013.
    based on that history, the University of California, Berkeley, filed a lawsuit in 2015 seeking the right to return the patent.
    , the patent dispute officially began.
    After more than two years of evidence and debate, in early 2017, the U.S. Patent Office's Review and Appeals Board ruled in a patent dispute over CRISPR/Cas9 technology, ruling that Zhang Feng's Broad Institute retained the CRISPR/Cas9 technology patent it obtained in 2014 without conflicting with a patent application filed by the University of California, Berkeley, which resulted in the loss of a wide range of gene editing patents owned by Dudna and Chapinti.
    Although the University of California, Berkeley filed an appeal with the U.S. Court of Appeals in July 2018 to challenge the U.S. Patent Trial and Appeals Board's ruling earlier this year, two months later, in September 2018, the U.S. Court of Appeals rejected an appeals court ruling upholding the U.S. Patent Trial and Appeals Board's ruling that the Broad Institute would continue to have intellectual property rights in the use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in true nuclear organisms.
    , victory in U.S. patent judgments does not mean winning patents elsewhere.
    broad institute's fate in Europe is quite different from that of the United States.
    January 2018, the European Patent Office revoked the broad institute's underlying patents, meaning that Zhang Feng's team is in danger of losing its dominant position in the intellectual property rights of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology in Europe.
    While UC Berkeley's patent victory outside the U.S. is "on the rise," the State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) in June 2018 granted the University of California, Berkeley research team the patent rights to the original nuclear biology and eukaryotes CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, the same patent in Europe and the United States in a legal dispute with the Broad Institute.
    European Patent Office (EPO) has also granted the University of California a patent for this broad claim.
    , of course, the patent dispute is more complicated than people think.
    In addition to the University of California, Berkeley and the Broad Institute, Merck Millipore Sigma, Korea's Tool Gen, Lithuania's Vilnius University and Harvard University in the United States are among the six early applicants to the European Patent Office for CRISPR/Cas9 technology patent applications.
    the patent battle continues, it will not affect the commercialization of CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
    of gene editing technology At present, the development of a drug takes a long time, in addition to proving its clinical effectiveness, but also to ensure the safety of the drug, a thorough understanding of adverse drug reactions.
    , drug development and development processes need to comply with national drug regulatory policies, which also extend the development of drugs to some extent.
    drug research and development process for decades.
    , however, the use of gene-editing techniques can bring customized therapies to market more quickly and accelerate drug development.
    Among other things, CRISPR technology is more convenient and flexible, it can quickly identify potential target genes, by "knocking" or "knocking in" different genes, providing researchers with a faster and more accurate way to study thousands of genes, to determine which genes mutations or expression abnormalities may affect specific diseases, thus making preclinical and clinical trials more efficient.
    , single-gene genetic disease is one of the most ideal applications of gene therapy.
    for example, single-gene diseases of the blood system, such as beta-thalassemia or sickle cell disease, are ideal targets for gene therapy, which can be treated in-body (also known as introphy).
    patients' blood cells can be removed, genetically edited using CRISPR technology, introduced defect-free genes into these cells, and then chemically screened out red blood cells with genetic defects to be corrected, and transplanted back into the patient for therapeutic purposes.
    , gene editing technology has great prospects for application and will occupy a strong market position in the future pharmaceutical research and development market.
    limitations of gene editing technology There is no denying that any gene editing technique has limitations, whether it is technical risk or ethical risk.
    CRISPR technology has the advantages of high efficiency, speed, simplicity, low cost and non-species restriction, it always has unpredictable and uncontrollable off-target risk, and is not suitable for complex genetic modification projects.
    the "gene-edited baby" incident, which has been in full swing for nearly a year, has once again attracted widespread attention from the global genetic community, pushing CRISPR technology to the forefront.
    the trial is over, the future impact of the three born genetically edited babies on human society is inestimable.
    It is true that the direction of gene technology is to continuously improve accuracy and improve safety, but at present it is still insufficient in accuracy, efficiency and safety, human beings are still a long way from the controlled use of gene editing technology.
    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[2] CRISPR Technology Market by Product, Service, Application, End User - Global Forecast to 2023.Who Owns the Biggest Biotech Discovery of The Century? Abigail T Fahim, Stephen P Daiger, and Richard G Weleber. Nonsyndromic Retinitis Pigmentosa Overview . 1993-2020. (
    This article is an English version of an article which is originally in the Chinese language on echemi.com and is provided for information purposes only. This website makes no representation or warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness ownership or reliability of the article or any translations thereof. If you have any concerns or complaints relating to the article, please send an email, providing a detailed description of the concern or complaint, to service@echemi.com. A staff member will contact you within 5 working days. Once verified, infringing content will be removed immediately.

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