The development of kiwifruit industry in the world and the dynamic analysis of fresh fruit trade

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。（Actinidiaceae）（Actinidia），20，117；，1978，，40，
。2012，、，、、、
。2013，1978、
。2020，、201712、；10，
。

 

（FAO），Belrose Inc2009—2014《》，Ross Ferguson、Testolin Raffaele、Carlors CruzatArif Atak，20、、，，“”
。

 

#1

 

FAO，201912，26.
88hm²，18.
26hm²、2.
51hm²、1.
49hm²，67.
92%、9.
33%、5.
55%（1）
。

FAO，23，110，98.
45%，15、、、、91.
38%，67.
92%
。

 

From the perspective of development speed, the world's total harvested area has continued to increase in the past 20 years.
In 2009, it increased by 36.
59% compared with 2000, and in 2019 it increased by 87.
35% compared with 2009, indicating that the growth rate of harvested area in the past 10 years was the previous 10 years.
More than twice as much (Table 2)
.
It can be seen from Table 2 that the countries with a higher growth rate in 2009-2019 than in 2000-2009 include China, Greece, Turkey, Portugal, and New Zealand.
Except for New Zealand, which only increased by 12.
31%, other countries increased by 77.
58 from 2009 to 2019.
%~160.
81%, especially in China, which has the fastest growth rate, far surpassing other countries
.
Countries with a slower growth rate in the past 10 years than in the previous 10 years include Iran and Italy.
Iran increased more rapidly from 2000 to 2009, with a cumulative increase of 2.
6 times.
The increase was only about 1 times from 2009 to 2019; while Italy’s harvested area increased Only concentrated in 2000-2009, an increase of 38.
91%, while the harvested area has been basically stable in the past 10 years (Figure 1, Table 2)
.
The harvested area in France has continued to decline, and the rate of decline has accelerated slightly in the past 10 years
.
The harvested area in Chile and the United States increased from 2000 to 2009, but fell by 29.
68% and 24.
89% respectively from 2009 to 2019
.
The harvested area of ​​the other 13 countries mainly declined from 2000 to 2009, a decrease of 25.
05%, and was basically stable in the past 10 years (Table 2), indicating that before 2009, the planting scale of kiwifruit had increased to that in Table 2.
10 countries are concentrated
.

　　Note: China 2000-2013 data comes from Belrsoe Inc "World Kiwifruit Review" 2009-2014, China 2014-2019 data and Italy and New Zealand data come from FAO
.

　　Figure 1 Changes in the area of ​​kiwifruit harvested in China, Italy, and New Zealand from 2000 to 2019

 

　　Beginning in 2010, the world kiwifruit industry has been greatly affected by bacterial canker.
By 2013, the average yield in many countries has decreased, and the harvested area has decreased, resulting in a decline in annual output
.
The most affected area was New Zealand.
Since 2009, the harvested area has been declining in a wave-like manner.
It reached the lowest value in 2017 and has since recovered.
By 2019, the harvested area reached nearly 15,000 hm2, an increase of 12.
31%
.
Both Italy and China have relatively little impact on the kiwifruit industry due to the higher variety of varieties than New Zealand, especially the harvested area has not been greatly affected.
China increased by 45.
83% from 2000 to 2009, with an average annual growth rate of 5.
09%.
-An increase of 160.
81% in 2019, with an average annual growth rate of 16.
08%, which is more than three times that of the previous stage (Table 2), mainly because China has fully implemented the major task of "poverty alleviation" in the past 8 years, which has driven the kiwi fruit to be suitable.
The rapid development of the industry in the growth area
.

 

　　#2

　　Annual production of kiwifruit in the world

 

　　According to FAO data, the total output of kiwifruit in the world in 2019 was 4,348,800 tons, of which China 2,196,700 tons, New Zealand 558,200 tons, Italy 524,500 tons, Iran 344,200 tons, Greece 285,900 tons, and Chile 177,200 tons.
It accounts for about 93.
99% of the world's kiwifruit production, and the proportion of other countries' production is very small (Table 1)
.

 

　　From the perspective of changes in annual output, in the past 20 years, the world's total annual output has continued to increase, with an increase of 65.
48% from 2000 to 2009 and an increase of 113.
92% from 2009 to 2019.
The average annual growth rate is 1.
56 times that of the previous stage.
(Table 3)
.
It can be seen from Table 3 that among the 7 countries that continued to increase, China and Greece increased rapidly from 2009 to 2019, increasing by 3.
5 times and 2.
2 times, respectively; Iran, Turkey, and Portugal increased rapidly from 2000 to 2009, respectively.
It is 2.
5 times, 15.
9 times and 2.
0 times
.
In contrast to the changes in harvested area, the increase in annual output in most countries is mainly due to the increase in harvested area; in addition to the increase in area in China, New Zealand, and Italy, the renewal of varieties has also brought about an increase in output, and the planting proportion of the kiwifruit variety Hayward has decreased.
The increase in the planting area of ​​high-yield yellow meat varieties such as Hort16A, G3, Golden Peach, Jinyan, etc.
has promoted an increase in annual output
.
It is France that has continued to decline in annual production, especially in the past 10 years, where annual production has fallen by 25.
69%
.
Chile’s annual output is similar to the harvested area.
The annual output increased by 96.
54% from 2000 to 2009, but fell by 21.
94% from 2009 to 2019
.
The United States is particularly special.
The harvested area from 2009 to 2019 has dropped by 24.
89%, but the annual output has doubled.
Although the harvested area has increased by 10.
49% from 2000 to 2009, the annual output has fallen by 24.
70%.
It may be nearly 10 years in the United States.
The remaining orchards all entered the period of abundance, which greatly increased the average yield and caused the output to rise instead of falling
.
In other countries, although the harvested area fell by 25.
05% from 2000 to 2009, the annual output was stable.
Although the harvested area from 2009 to 2019 was stable, the annual output fell by 22.
93%.
This may be due to the continuous shrinking of kiwi fruit planting scale and loose management, which led to a year-by-year decline in production.

.

　　According to statistics from the Kiwi Branch of the Chinese Horticultural Society in March 2020, the actual planting area of ​​kiwifruit in China has exceeded 290,000 hm2.
Excluding the resultant area of ​​more than 180,000 hm2 in 2019, there are nearly 110,000 hm2 newly built in the past 5 years.
Orchards will enter a large fruiting period after 3 to 4 years, and these orchards are expected to increase the output of more than 1.
6 million tons of fruit in 4 years
.
Combined with the increase in yield per unit area currently harvested, by the end of the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, the annual output of kiwifruit in China will exceed 5 million tons
.
According to the latest census data, the per capita possession of kiwifruit will reach 3.
57kg
.
With the continuous improvement of rural orchard infrastructure and the continuous innovation of scientific and technological level, the yield of orchard will continue to increase.
In 4 years, the annual output may greatly exceed the predicted data, but it is still difficult to exceed 6 million tons.
The upper limit of the per capita amount is about 5kg.
Compared with the existing bulk fruits, citrus and apples, which occupy more than 30kg per capita, the demand for kiwifruit still has a large room for growth
.

 

　　#3

　　World kiwi fruit yield

 

　　It can be seen from Table 1 that the average yield of kiwifruit in the world in 2019 is 16.
18t/hm2.
The top 10 countries are New Zealand, Greece, Iran, the United States, Chile, Israel, Italy, Turkey, Montenegro and South Korea, especially New Zealand.
Far surpassing other countries, with an average yield of 37.
41t/hm2
.
China’s average yield is ranked 17th, only 12.
03t/hm2, which is 74.
35% of the world’s average yield and 32.
17% of New Zealand’s.
There is still much room for improvement
.

 

　　Figure 2 shows the changes in the average yield of the world and the three major producing countries in 20 years.
It can be seen from the figure that from 2000 to 2011, the world average yield rose slowly in a wave-like manner, reaching 14.
67t/hm2 in 2011, and in 2012 In 2013, due to ulcer disease, the average yield dropped to 12.
00~13.
00t/hm2
.
It started to rise in 2014 and stabilized at 15.
40~16.
20t/hm2 in 2019 .
The change curve in China is similar to that in the world, except that China’s average yield rose from 4.
00t/hm2 in 2000 to 7.
50t/hm2 in 2011.
In 2012 and 2013, it was also affected by ulcers and declined.
In 2014 The recovery rose to 12.
69t/hm2 and then stabilized at 12.
00~12.
50t/hm2
.
The average yield in Italy was between 18.
00 and 22.
00 t/hm2 in most years.
However, due to the impact of global bacterial ulcer disease from 2010 to 2013, the average yield was lowered between 15.
82 and 17.
64 t/hm2.
The average yield in 2003 was also in this range.
It may be caused by other disastrous factors
.
The average yield in New Zealand has increased stepwise in the past 20 years.
The average yield in 2000-2003 was 19.
39~26.
80t/hm2, and it was basically stable at 26.
34~33.
27t/hm2 from 2004 to 2013.
The average yield per hectare increased over the previous period.
7~11t; the average yield rose to 35.
70~37.
41t/hm2 from 2014 to 2019, an overall increase of 3~5t/hm2 compared with the second stage
.
The main reason for the increase in average yield in New Zealand was due to the continuous introduction of yellow meat varieties Hort16A and G3.
Hayward’s orchards changed to yellow meat varieties entered a large fruiting period, and the average yield increased rapidly.
Although affected by ulcer disease, the average yield was low.
There was a small decrease, but the production of G3 increased rapidly after the timely replacement.
Overall, the average yield of New Zealand in 2019 increased by 28.
63% compared with 2009, and increased by 74.
20% compared with 2000
.

　　Note: World and China 2000-2013 data comes from Belrose Inc "World Kiwifruit Review" 2009-2014, other data comes from FAO
.

　　Figure 2 Changes in the average yield of kiwifruit in the world, China, Italy, and New Zealand in the past 20 years

　　#4

　　The main Chinese kiwifruit in the international market of kiwifruit

　　And delicious kiwi varieties

 

　　The development of the world kiwi fruit industry began with the domesticated kiwifruit in New Zealand in the 1930s.
The early planted varieties were mainly the kiwifruit varieties represented by Hayward and Bruno cultivated at that time.
By 1975, Hayward was the dominant kiwifruit in the world.
The status is basically determined, accounting for more than 95% of the world's total area; it still accounts for more than 90% by about 2000, forming a single-variety planting industry dominated by Hayward
.
So far, from the main producing countries such as New Zealand, Italy, Chile, Iran, Greece and Turkey, except for New Zealand, it is basically still the main delicious green meat varieties represented by Hayward, accounting for about 89% of the total planting area ( Figure 3); The area of ​​green meat varieties in New Zealand is slightly higher than that of yellow meat varieties, accounting for 58% and 42% of the total area respectively (Figure 3), while the yield of green meat varieties is slightly lower than that of yellow meat varieties, accounting for 48.
8 of the total output respectively.
% And 51.
2%
.
In addition to green meat and yellow meat varieties, Italy has a very small number of red heart varieties, accounting for 0.
18% of the country, which can be ignored in the international market
.
In addition to Hayward, there are other delicious kiwi varieties, but the scale of planting is very small, such as SummerkiwiTM in Italy and G14 in New Zealand, and the proportions in the market are very small
.
Yellow meat varieties are mainly G3 from New Zealand and Golden Peach and Jinyan from Italy.
G3 is a tetraploid yellow meat variety cultivated in New Zealand in recent years.
When bacterial ulcer disease broke out in global producing countries in 2010, it threatened the early launch of New Zealand.
When the diploid yellow-meat variety Hort16A was launched, G3 was quickly introduced, and its resistance to ulcer disease was significantly enhanced.
Through high-intake replacement and renewal, the planting area of ​​yellow-meat varieties was quickly restored, and it was authorized by Zespri in Italy and other countries worldwide.
Planted
.
Jintao and Jinyan are tetraploid storable yellow meat varieties authorized by Italy from the Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and are sold under the JingoldTM brand.
Planting bases have been established in Chile, France, Argentina, South Africa and other countries to ensure annual supply
.

　　Note: Statistics are based on the proportion of planting area; the data are mainly derived from the 2020 statistics of the Kiwi Branch of the Chinese Horticultural Society, Professor Ross Ferguson of the New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research, Professor Testolin Raffaele of the University of Udine, Italy, Chairman Carlos Cruzat of the Chilean Kiwi Council, and the Turkish Horticultural Center Professor Arif Atak from the Institute provided national data
.

　　Figure 3 Variety structure of major kiwifruit growing countries in the world

 

　　China's kiwifruit varieties are diversified.
Since the beginning of cultivation and domestication and variety breeding in 1978, there have been more than 120 varieties or strains that have been registered, identified or protected nationwide by 2012
.
According to statistics from China's New Variety Protection Office Zhang Haijing and others, from July 2003 to June 2018, 66 new domestic varieties of kiwifruit were authorized
.
However, the currently commercially cultivated varieties in China are mainly divided into green meat, yellow meat and red meat types.
The green meat varieties are mainly Xuxiang, Cuixiang, Hayward, Guichang, Miliang 1, Qinmei, Jinkui, and Cuiyu The yellow meat varieties are mainly Jinyan, Jintao, Jinyuan, Jinmei, etc.
, and the red meat varieties are mainly Hongyang, Donghong, and Jinhong 50
.
According to the planting area of ​​the 3 types of varieties collected by the Kiwi Branch of the Chinese Horticultural Society, about 51% are green meat varieties, 16% are yellow meat varieties, and 33% are red meat varieties
.

 

　　Based on the variety structure ratio of major countries in the world, green kiwifruit accounted for about 66.
82%, yellow kiwifruit accounted for about 15.
81%, red kiwifruit accounted for about 16.
47%, and others accounted for about 0.
89% (Figure 3)
.

 

　　Fresh fruit trade of kiwi in the world

　　#1

　　World export volume of kiwifruit

 

　　For major kiwifruit producing countries, international trade remains extremely important
.
According to FAO statistics, the world's export volume in 2019 reached 1.
5111 million tons.
From Table 4, it can be seen that the major producing countries are New Zealand, Italy, Greece and Chile, four major exporting countries, accounting for 76.
66% of the total export volume
.
It should be noted that among the top 10 exporting countries, Belgium and the Netherlands are not producing countries, only intermediate trade links
.
Iran’s exports have also increased in recent years, accounting for 6.
18% of total exports, while China’s total exports are only 27,700 tons, accounting for only 1.
83% of exports (Table 4)
.
The corresponding export value is leading countries such as New Zealand, Italy, Chile, and Greece, among which the export price of Chilean fruit is higher than that of Greece
.

　　#2

　　World imports of kiwifruit

 

　　It can be seen from Table 5 that in 2019, the import volume of kiwifruit in the world reached 1.
582 million tons, and the import value reached 3.
219 billion U.
S.
dollars.
The main importing countries are China, Belgium, Spain, Germany, Japan, Russia, France, the United States, the Netherlands, and Italy.
The total import volume reached 1.
057 million tons, accounting for 66.
42%, of which China's total import volume ranked first in the world, reaching 193,200 tons, accounting for 12.
21% of the import volume; followed by Belgium and Spain with 154,400 tons and 136,600 tons respectively.

.
The total import value of these 10 countries reached US$2.
404 billion, and the top two import values ​​were China and Japan, followed by Belgium and Germany
.
According to the import price calculated according to the import volume and import value of each country, Japan has the highest import price at 3,859 USD/t, followed by China at 3,106 USD/t
.
The import prices of other countries are concentrated at US$1247-2359/t.
The highest import price is the Netherlands, followed by the United States, France and Germany, which are all above US$2100/t; the lowest are Russia and Spain, which are US$1247 respectively.
/t and $1559/t
.

　　#3

　　The trade profile of the main kiwifruit producing countries in the world

 

　　It can be seen from Table 6 that China is the largest producer and importer of kiwifruit, which shows that China is currently the largest consumer market for kiwifruit.
In addition to consuming domestically produced fruits, it also imports a large amount of kiwifruit from abroad.
The annual average import volume is more than 118,000 tons, while the export volume is only more than 6,500 tons, accounting for 0.
31% of the annual output.
It is a typical domestic sales country; followed by Turkey, which is also mainly domestic sales, with an export ratio of only 5.
52%
.
The other 8 countries have exports.
The countries whose exports account for more than 80% of their domestic output are New Zealand and Chile.
The export ratio of New Zealand is more than 100%.
This is because the varieties authorized by Zespri in this country to be produced in countries other than New Zealand have entered the peak production period.
While Italy, Greece and Portugal exported more than half of their production volume, Iran, France and the United States exported relatively low rates of around 30%
.

　　Therefore, the countries that play a pivotal role in the world kiwi fruit market are mainly New Zealand, Chile, Italy, Greece and Portugal, because these countries are mainly export-oriented.
The larger the annual production volume, the greater the impact on the price fluctuations of the kiwi fruit in the international market
.
Although China is a big producer, because of its large population and rapid economic growth in the past 10 years, the purchasing power of the people has continued to increase.
For example, according to the annual output in 2019 and the latest census data, the per capita kiwifruit is only 1.
57kg; and 2019 The annual domestic consumption of kiwifruit reached 2.
317 million tons, and the per capita consumption was 1.
65 kg, which exceeded the per capita domestic production (Table 1)
.
Therefore, the domestic market for fruits produced in China can basically be solved, and it does not rely on foreign markets and has little impact on the international market
.

 

　　At the same time, it can be seen from Table 5 and Table 6 that Europe is still the main target market for most fresh kiwi fruit exports
.
France and Italy are particularly dependent on the EU-27 market.
Greece’s main market is Russia and other European countries that are not members of the EU-27.
However, Greece’s sales to the EU-27 account for more than 1/3 of its exports
.
The United States’ kiwi fruit exports are mainly to the North American market, while the Chinese export market is mainly to Asia
.
The export markets of New Zealand and Chile are often not in a certain fixed area.
For example, New Zealand’s exports are in the global market.
In 2019, exports to more than 50 countries and regions, 66% of which are located in Asia, including Japan 26%, Mainland China 22%, and Taiwan.
7%, South Korea 6%, and Hong Kong, China 2%
.

　　#4

　　China Import and Export Trade

 

　　According to FAO data, China has become an important producer and consumer of kiwifruit.
Its annual import and export volume continues to increase, and mainly imports.
The import volume is 6.
97 times the export volume
.
It can be seen from Table 7 that in 2019 China's four major regions, the largest import volume is Mainland China, accounting for 66.
83% of China's total imports, followed by Taiwan, China, accounting for 17.
89% of the total, Hong Kong and Macau.
China’s imports accounted for 14.
55% and 0.
73% of China’s total imports, respectively
.
In terms of import prices, mainland China and Taiwan, China are higher.
The import price in China is 3521 US dollars/t, while the prices in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau are 3198, 2072, 1690 US dollars/t, respectively
.
The import volume of Mainland China has continued to increase since 33,000 tons in 2010, and it exceeded 90,000 tons in 2015, far exceeding the 60,000 tons in 2014, and 120,000 tons in 2016, and again exceeded the import volume in 2016 in 2019.
The volume reached nearly 130,000 tons (Figure 4)
.
The corresponding import value is also increasing (Figure 5).
The import prices for the three years from 2017 to 2019 are all 3,200 to 3,700 US dollars/t, which is higher than the export price.
The average import price for the three years from 2017 to 2019 is the three-year average.
2.
23 times the export price (Figure 6)
.

　　Figure 4 Changes in China's import and export volume in the past 10 years

　　Figure 5 Changes in China's import and export volume in the past 10 years

　　Figure 6 Comparison of China's import and export prices in the past 10 years

 

　　Hong Kong, China has the largest export volume, accounting for 67.
86% of the total export volume.
However, Hong Kong, China does not grow kiwifruit.
It is a secondary export market, that is, import and export transactions from other places.
The export volume of Mainland China is in the middle, accounting for the total export volume.
31.
93%, but its source is mainly local production, which has been increasing in the past five years, especially since 2016, reaching 8852t in 2019
.
If this growth rate continues to develop, by the end of the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, China's export volume will exceed 40,000 tons
.
In terms of export prices, with the exception of export prices in 2016 which were slightly higher than import prices, import prices in other years were all higher than export prices (Figure 6).
This may be related to the types of exports and the purchasing power of the exporting countries
.

 

　　Suggestions on the Development of Kiwi Fruit Industry in my country

 

　　By analyzing the development of the world's kiwifruit industry and fresh fruit trade from 2000 to 2019, it is found that the scale of global planting and annual output, including China, has increased significantly, and the growth rate is the fastest and significantly affects the dynamic changes of global planting area and annual output.
The only thing is China.
Since 2009, the harvested area and annual output have reached the first place in the world.
So far, the harvested area and annual output are higher than the sum of the other 22 countries
.
Although China’s average yield has continued to increase, the average yield in 2019 has doubled compared to 2000, but compared with the international level, it is still only 74.
35% of the global average yield, ranking 17th, indicating that the yield of kiwifruit in China is low.
, There is still a lot of room for improvement
.

 

　　From the perspective of import and export of kiwifruit, China is not only the world's largest producer, but also the largest importer and consumer
.
In addition, as China enters a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way and implements rural revitalization during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, and realizes modernization of agriculture and rural areas in the future, the economic level of the Chinese people will continue to improve, the purchasing power of the people across the country will be greatly increased, and people’s demand for high-quality kiwifruit Will continue to increase
.
If the per capita consumption reaches 5 times (8kg) in 2019, an annual output of 11.
55 million tons will be required
.

 

　　China has a vast territory, diverse ecological environment, and rich kiwifruit germplasm resources.
There are selectable types and varieties for industrial planting from south to north, which can realize the diversification and regional layout of varieties.
This is the advantage of China's development of the kiwifruit industry.
However, because there are too many varieties, it will also cause confusion for those planning to develop the kiwifruit industry, and they tend to be blind when choosing a variety of varieties
.

 

　　Combined with first-line training and research, it is found that the history of artificial cultivation in China is short, only more than 30 years.
Therefore, compared with apples, citrus, peaches, plums and other bulk fruits, people's knowledge of kiwis is relatively insufficient, and they lack the requirements for the growth characteristics and ecological environment of kiwis.
And the systematic understanding of cultivation, plant protection and post-harvest technologies, especially in the newly developed areas in recent years, there are often situations such as low survival rate, late fruit, serious diseases, low yield, blind early harvesting, and low flavor quality.
This is the main reason for the low average yield in our country
.
The production areas that began to develop in the 1980s have relatively mature production technology, a relatively complete technology research and development and training system, and a relatively high average yield.
The average yield of green meat and yellow meat varieties is basically stable at 22-30t/hm2
.

 

　　Due to the short cultivation history, there is a lack of systematic research on the occurrence of diseases and insect pests of kiwifruit, especially in the early stages of development.
The two major diseases in production have been restricting the healthy development of the kiwifruit industry in China for more than 10 years, especially the secretive fruits.
Soft rot is mainly infected in the field and mostly manifests symptoms after harvest.
In the early stage, it has been attributed to storage-period diseases, and effective prevention and treatment have not been carried out, which has caused huge losses to storage and sales enterprises
.

 

　　Judging from the response of the kiwi fruit sales market, the comprehensive quality and selling price of domestic kiwis are far lower than those imported from New Zealand, and the fruit quality consistency and stability are poor.
The fruits for sale are either too hard or too soft
.
This is related to the low preservation and sorting technology of kiwi fruit after harvest in China, and the insufficient investment in post-harvest preservation facilities
.
According to conservative statistics, the post-harvest loss rate of kiwifruit in China is 20%~25%, while the post-harvest loss rate of kiwifruit powerhouses such as New Zealand can be controlled within 5%
.

 

　　In response to the above problems, in order to further improve the international competitiveness of China's kiwifruit products, the author believes that the focus of the kiwifruit industry during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period should be "stabilize the existing area, increase production and improve quality, and implement cost-saving, efficiency-increasing, and green prevention and control.
" Technology to improve the yield per unit
.
" The following development suggestions are specifically put forward
.

 

　　(1) Give full play to the advantages of China's rich variety resources and the diversity of the ecological environment, realize the concentration of main planted varieties in advantageous areas, and build a concentrated and advantageous industrial zone of red hearts, yellow meat and green meat
.
Carry out systematic technical research on the entire industry chain for leading varieties, such as racking and density suitable for mechanization and facility promotion, precision fertilization and irrigation, efficient pollination, green disease prevention, and scientific development of maturity and harvest indicators, etc.
High-yield and high-quality, so that the average yield reaches at least the global level, and the yield per hectare exceeds 17 tons
.

 

　　(2) Regarding the sub-suitable development area, develop it as a premium fruit, and develop special varieties with excellent flavor quality, short post-ripening period but long shelf life by adopting facilities such as rain shelter, greenhouse and shading, and combine it with sightseeing and tourism.
Properly control the scale and develop urban sightseeing agriculture
.
In order to facilitate the extension of the fruit picking period, multiple varieties of fruit ripening period from August to November are arranged to achieve annual supply
.

 

　　(3) Focusing on the improvement of the quality and efficiency of the kiwifruit industry, the next step should be continuous innovation in industrial business models and technological research and development to strengthen the popularization of science and technology
.
From the perspective of industrial business model, first of all, it is recommended that each production area support fruit primary processing enterprises and brand sales enterprises, strengthen fruit harvesting to sorting and packaging, expand the market, focus on brand sales, and strengthen product promotion and consumption mode cultivation
.
Secondly, establish a cooperative model of "enterprise + family farm or professional cooperative + scientific research unit" to further encourage family farms or professional cooperatives to operate and manage kiwifruit, realize centralized management of the park with a scale of about 100 acres, and ensure that various cultivation techniques and measures can be implemented In place
.
Third, strengthen the production skills training of front-line employees and technical backbone personnel from various regions or enterprises to improve the technological level of the entire industry
.

 

　　In terms of scientific and technological research and development, we must first strengthen the cultivation of multi-resistant varieties and improve the resistance of varieties, such as red and yellow meat varieties resistant to canker disease and fruit soft rot, rootstock varieties resistant to high humidity and drought, etc.
, to solve the existing problems.
The rootstock of kiwifruit is not resistant to high humidity or alkali
.
Secondly, for fruit soft rot and bacterial canker, strengthen the research and development of green prevention and control technology system for efficient and rapid identification, field prevention and control, and solve the identification and prevention of two major diseases that plague the development of the industry
.
Third, for different soil types, climatic conditions and variety characteristics, develop a series of precise cultivation technology research and development, especially the precise formulation of fertilizer and water application, winter and summer pruning, maturation standards and mature system harvesting plan to improve yield and quality
.
Fourth, for the main planting or main selling varieties, we should strengthen the post-harvest physiology, series of post-harvest preservation technologies, development of fruit grading standards, fruit ripening and other scientific and technological research to reduce post-harvest loss and form an operational standardized implementation plan
.
Fifth, continue to strengthen the research on the functional ingredients of fruits and the research and development of deep-processed products to extend the industrial chain
.

 

　　Disclaimer: This article is an excerpt from "China Fruit Tree" Issue 7 of 2021, "Analysis of World Kiwi Fruit Industry Development and Fresh Fruit Trade Dynamics" (Zhong Caihong, Huang Wenjun, Li Dawei, Zhang Qiong, Li Li)
.