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This discovery has the opportunity to play a role in future clinical work in the treatment of infertility or early abortion.
Image source: Pixabay, the Centre for Genomic Regulation translation, Hu Qilin, revision, Qi translation, and the Spanish Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) researchers revealed that newly formed embryos can eliminate dying cells to maximize their own Chance of survival.
This is the earliest innate immune response found in vertebrates so far.
The results of this research were published in the journal Nature on February 10, 2021, and may help to further understand the reasons why certain embryos fail to form in the early stages of development, as well as for the treatment of infertility or early abortion.
Play a role in clinical work.
The embryo is very fragile for a few hours after its formation.
Rapid cell division and environmental pressure make them prone to errors, leading to sporadic death of embryonic stem cells.
This is also considered to be one of the main reasons for the failure of embryonic development before implantation.
Living organisms can use immune cells to eliminate cell errors, but newly formed embryos cannot produce immune cells.
In order to find out whether embryos can eliminate dead cells before the immune system is formed, researchers used high-resolution time-lapse imaging to monitor zebrafish and mouse embryos, which are perfect scientific models for studying vertebrate development.
The research team found that the first tissue that collectively forms the surface of the embryo, the epithelial cells, can recognize, ingest and destroy defective cells.
This is the first demonstration that this biological process, called epithelial phagocytosis, can eliminate cell errors in newly formed vertebrate embryos.
"Long before the formation of organs, one of the first tasks of embryonic development is to create protective tissues.
" said Dr.
Esteban Hoijman, the first author of this study and co-corresponding author.
Dr.
Hoijman believes that due to the presence of arm-like protrusions on the surface of epithelial cells, the phagocytosis of epithelial cells is an amazingly efficient process.
"These cells cooperate mechanically.
Just like people distribute food to each location before eating, we found that epithelial cells push defective cells to other epithelial cells to speed up the removal of dying cells.
" "This article A new evolutionarily conserved function is proposed, that is, in the early stages of vertebrate embryogenesis, epithelial cells play the role of scavengers and efficiently remove dying cells.
" CRG Cell and Developmental Biology Project Team Leader, the first of the paper One author, Verena Ruprecht, said, "Our work may have important clinical applications and is expected to improve the embryo screening methods and quality assessment standards used in fertility clinics.
" The authors believe that the embryos show an immune response earlier than previously thought.
This discovery is worthy of further exploration of the role of mechanical cooperation as a physiological tissue function in maintaining homeostasis and tissue inflammation and other important biological processes.
The academic community still knows little about these effects.Original link: https://eurekalert.
org/emb_releases/2021-02/cfgr-eso020821.
php Paper information [Title] Cooperative epithelial phagocytosis enables error correction in the early embryo [Author] Hoijman, E.
, Häkkinen, HM.
, Tolosa-Ramon, Q.
et al.
[Journal] Nature [Time] 10 February 2021 [Link] https:// [DOI] https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41586-021-03200-3 [Abstract] Errors in early embryogenesis are a cause of sporadic cell death and developmental failure.
Phagocytic activity has a central role in scavenging apoptotic cells in differentiated tissues.
However, how apoptotic cells are cleared in the blastula embryo in the absence of specialized immune cells remains unknown.
Here we show that the surface epithelium of zebrafish and mouse embryos, which is the first tissue formed during vertebrate development,performs efficient phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells through phosphatidylserine-mediated target recognition.
Quantitative four-dimensional in vivo imaging analyses reveal a collective epithelial clearance mechanism that is based on mechanical cooperation by two types of Rac1-dependent basal epithelial protrusions.
The first type of protrusion , phagocytic cups, mediates apoptotic target uptake.
The second, a previously undescribed type of fast and extended actin-based protrusion that we call'epithelial arms', promotes the rapid dispersal of apoptotic targets through Arp2/3-dependent mechanical pushing.
On the basis of experimental data and modelling, we show that mechanical load-sharing enables the long-range cooperative uptake of apoptotic cells by multiple epithelial cells.
This optimizes the efficiency of tissue clearance by extending the limited spatial exploration range and local uptake capacity of non-motile epithelial cells.
Our findings show that epithelial tissue clearance facilitates error correction that is relevant to the developmental robustness and survival of the embryo, revealing the presence of an innate immune function in the earliest stages of embryonic development.
Image source: Pixabay, the Centre for Genomic Regulation translation, Hu Qilin, revision, Qi translation, and the Spanish Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) researchers revealed that newly formed embryos can eliminate dying cells to maximize their own Chance of survival.
This is the earliest innate immune response found in vertebrates so far.
The results of this research were published in the journal Nature on February 10, 2021, and may help to further understand the reasons why certain embryos fail to form in the early stages of development, as well as for the treatment of infertility or early abortion.
Play a role in clinical work.
The embryo is very fragile for a few hours after its formation.
Rapid cell division and environmental pressure make them prone to errors, leading to sporadic death of embryonic stem cells.
This is also considered to be one of the main reasons for the failure of embryonic development before implantation.
Living organisms can use immune cells to eliminate cell errors, but newly formed embryos cannot produce immune cells.
In order to find out whether embryos can eliminate dead cells before the immune system is formed, researchers used high-resolution time-lapse imaging to monitor zebrafish and mouse embryos, which are perfect scientific models for studying vertebrate development.
The research team found that the first tissue that collectively forms the surface of the embryo, the epithelial cells, can recognize, ingest and destroy defective cells.
This is the first demonstration that this biological process, called epithelial phagocytosis, can eliminate cell errors in newly formed vertebrate embryos.
"Long before the formation of organs, one of the first tasks of embryonic development is to create protective tissues.
" said Dr.
Esteban Hoijman, the first author of this study and co-corresponding author.
Dr.
Hoijman believes that due to the presence of arm-like protrusions on the surface of epithelial cells, the phagocytosis of epithelial cells is an amazingly efficient process.
"These cells cooperate mechanically.
Just like people distribute food to each location before eating, we found that epithelial cells push defective cells to other epithelial cells to speed up the removal of dying cells.
" "This article A new evolutionarily conserved function is proposed, that is, in the early stages of vertebrate embryogenesis, epithelial cells play the role of scavengers and efficiently remove dying cells.
" CRG Cell and Developmental Biology Project Team Leader, the first of the paper One author, Verena Ruprecht, said, "Our work may have important clinical applications and is expected to improve the embryo screening methods and quality assessment standards used in fertility clinics.
" The authors believe that the embryos show an immune response earlier than previously thought.
This discovery is worthy of further exploration of the role of mechanical cooperation as a physiological tissue function in maintaining homeostasis and tissue inflammation and other important biological processes.
The academic community still knows little about these effects.Original link: https://eurekalert.
org/emb_releases/2021-02/cfgr-eso020821.
php Paper information [Title] Cooperative epithelial phagocytosis enables error correction in the early embryo [Author] Hoijman, E.
, Häkkinen, HM.
, Tolosa-Ramon, Q.
et al.
[Journal] Nature [Time] 10 February 2021 [Link] https:// [DOI] https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41586-021-03200-3 [Abstract] Errors in early embryogenesis are a cause of sporadic cell death and developmental failure.
Phagocytic activity has a central role in scavenging apoptotic cells in differentiated tissues.
However, how apoptotic cells are cleared in the blastula embryo in the absence of specialized immune cells remains unknown.
Here we show that the surface epithelium of zebrafish and mouse embryos, which is the first tissue formed during vertebrate development,performs efficient phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells through phosphatidylserine-mediated target recognition.
Quantitative four-dimensional in vivo imaging analyses reveal a collective epithelial clearance mechanism that is based on mechanical cooperation by two types of Rac1-dependent basal epithelial protrusions.
The first type of protrusion , phagocytic cups, mediates apoptotic target uptake.
The second, a previously undescribed type of fast and extended actin-based protrusion that we call'epithelial arms', promotes the rapid dispersal of apoptotic targets through Arp2/3-dependent mechanical pushing.
On the basis of experimental data and modelling, we show that mechanical load-sharing enables the long-range cooperative uptake of apoptotic cells by multiple epithelial cells.
This optimizes the efficiency of tissue clearance by extending the limited spatial exploration range and local uptake capacity of non-motile epithelial cells.
Our findings show that epithelial tissue clearance facilitates error correction that is relevant to the developmental robustness and survival of the embryo, revealing the presence of an innate immune function in the earliest stages of embryonic development.
