The essence of the February 5, 2021 issue of Science

February 11, 2021 // --- This week, a new issue of Science (February 5, 2021) was published. Let the little editor come with us.
images from the Journal of Science.
1. Science: The plurge factor Oct4 is closely related to the expansion of the differentiation potential of cranial neurocytocytes doi:10.1126/science.abb4776 cell differentiation is often described as a one-way process through a series of genealogical restriction events, and the concept of cell differentiation potential is becoming smaller and smaller as embryos develop, a concept that is well known in Conrad Wadington's esopid genetic landscape.
, however, a vertebrate-specific transient cell population called cranial neural crest cells (CNCC) challenges this pattern.
Although CNCC originates in the outer embryo layer and can differentiate into the typical cell types of this outer embryo layer, they can also produce interstate cell types associated with the mesothromat genealogy, such as bone cells, cartilage cells, and smooth muscle cells.
how the CNCC extends their differentiation potential beyond the embryonic layers of their origin remains unresolved.
In a new study, researchers from Stanford University School of Medicine in the United States speculated that an impartial analysis of transcriptional heterogeneity in the early stages of mammalian CNCC development might identify a pregenital cell population and provide clues as to how these particular cells can gain their extraordinary differentiation potential.
to test this, they combined single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of CNCC in staged mouse embryos with subsequent genealogy tracking, loss of function, and observational genomic analysis experiments.
study was published in the February 5, 2021 issue of the journal Science under the title "Reactivation of the pluripotency program program firsts formation of the cranial neural crest."
They found that the pre-migration CNCC was heterogeneic and carried location information that reflected its origin in the neurosethic, but this early location information was then erased, and the CNCC, where the location information was erased, exhibited relatively uniform transcription characteristics, which were later re-diversified as the CNCC experienced the first cellization.
they identified an early group of prescellular cells that expressed typical erythrogen transcription factors and produced CNCC and craniofacial structures.
pl potient factor Oct4 is not maintained by the outer embryo layer, but is briefly reactivated in the expected CNCC after the head folds are formed, and as development progresses, its expression is transferred from the front of the cranial region to the back.
2.Science: The accumulation of TDP-43, a partner protein-driven TDP-43 that does not bind to RNA, is a common pathological feature of several age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and FTD.
TDP-43, which is mainly present in the nuclei of cells, usually occurs in liquid-liquid phase separation (liquid-liquid phase separation, LLPS), i.e. the total phase solution is divided into two parts, similar to oil droplets in vinegar.
TDP-43 in the nuclei of these cells can occur under physiological conditions.
cell stress induces cytostyte TDP-43 droplet formation, while TDP-43 droplets can be converted to a solid state, suggesting that the TDP-43 aggregation observed in neurodegeneration may have been initiated by LLPS.
mechanism for separating and aggregation of the drive phase is still unclear.
In a new study, researchers from research institutions such as the University of California, San Diego, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill identified key regulatory mechanisms for TDP-43 phase separation in in-body cell cultures and rodent nervous system neurons.
the study, published In the February 5, 2021 issue of the Journal of Science, is titled "HSP70 Chaperones RNA-free TDP-43 into anisotropic intranuclear liquid spherical shells."
TDP-43, where RNA binding defects exist, is caused by translated acetylation modification that causes mutations in the ALS or FTD or TDP-43 RNA identification sequences, and phase separation occurs to form an unequistized small body (anisosome), i.e. droplets with symmetrical liquid spheres and liquid cores.
they found that TDP-43, which is not combined with RNA, was found to be 50 times more intensive in the shell of an uneased small body than in the surrounding nucleus.
its RNA identification sequence acetylation promotes the formation of errogenized small bodies by abolishing the interaction between RNA and TDP-43.
the shell of an unemodying small body (i.e., evidence of the presence of liquid crystal chambers formed by proteins in living cells).
as determined by low-temperature electron fault scanning, the housing of the errogenous small body is tightly packed, creating a membrane-free selectivity barrier for some nuclear proteins and RNA.
3.Science Paper Details! In a new study, researchers from the La Hoya Institute of Immunology (LJI), the University of California, San Diego, and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai point out that almost all COVID-19 survivors have the immune cells needed to fight re-infection.
The findings, based on an analysis of blood samples from 188 COVID-19 patients, suggest that the response of all major participants in the "adaptive" immune system to specific pathogens to the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 can last at least eight months after the initial symptoms of infection appear.
results were published online January 6, 2021 in the journal Science under the title "Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after syndrome".
authors of the paper are Dr. Alessandro Sette, LJI Professor Shane Crotty, and Dr. Daniela Weiskopf, Assistant Professor of Research at LJI.
Sette said, "Our data show that the immune response exists and remains the same."
," Crotty said, "we measured antibodies, memory B cells, auxiliary T cells, and killer T cells at the same time."
to our knowledge, this is the largest study ever conducted to measure all four components of immune memory for any acute infection.
" findings could mean that COVID-19 survivors may have protective immunity to serious diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus infection within a few months or years of infection with sars-CoV-2 virus.
4.Science: Super-transmission events profoundly changed the COVID-19 outbreak process in and around Boston, USA: 10.1126/science.abe3261; Doi:10.1126/science.abg0100 In a new study, researchers from several research institutions in and around Boston, U.S., found some evidence that super-transmission events could profoundly alter the course of the COVID-19 outbreak.
results were published online December 9, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Boston highlights the impact of superspread events."
paper, they described their genome studies in the early stages of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in and around Boston.
as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect billions of people around the world, scientists know more about the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the epidemics it causes.
noteworthy aspect of the current epidemic is that super-transmission events are more prominent.
super-dissemination event refers to a few people infecting many others at events such as rock concerts, political rallies or motorcycle festivals.
the new study, the researchers examined Boston's super-transmission events in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on their progress.
5.Science: Fecal transplantation can improve the treatment effectiveness of cancer patients doi:10.1126/science.abf3363; Doi:10.1126/science.abg2904 Researchers at upMC Hillman Cancer Center and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) recently showed that changing the gut microbiome can improve immunotherapy effectiveness in patients with advanced melanoma.
results of this phase II clinical trial were published online today in the journal Science.
In this study, a team of researchers from UPMC Hillman performed fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy on all available therapies, including anti-PD-1, and then tracked clinical and immunological results.
NCI researchers analyzed microbiome samples from these patients to see why FMT seemed to enhance their response to immunotherapy.
Dr. Divakar Davar, an assistant professor of medicine at the University of Pittsburgh, and colleagues collected stool samples from patients who responded well against PD-1 immunotherapy and sent samples through colonoscopies to patients with advanced melanoma who had never previously responded to immunotherapy for pathogen testing.
then provides the patient with the anti-PD-1 drug pembrolizumab.
of the 15 patients with advanced melanoma who were treated with a combined FMT and anti-PD-1 treatment, 6 had a reduced tumor or a stable disease for more than a year.
Hassane Zarour, a cancer immunologist and co-lead author of the study, said: "Patients treated in this trial were very unlikely to respond spontaneously to the second anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
any positive reaction should therefore be attributed to fecal transplantation.
"6.Science: A new model that reveals RNA-RNA interactions doi:10.1126/science.abe6523 One of the most conservative RNA modifications in living organisms is the addition of a polyadenosine tail, or poly (A) tail, at the 3' end of the RNA molecule.
RNA stabilizing elements, such as the nuclear expression element (element for nuclear expression, ENE), which act smoothly, slow the decay of RNA and thus control the maturation and abundance of cell transcripts.
Torabi et al. measured the high-resolution crystal structure of two ENE-28-mer poly(A) complexes, revealing new patterns of RNA-RNA interactions, including a pocket-based sequence that protects the 3' end of the poly(A) tail.
discovery of this interaction opens up new avenues for a better understanding of the function of poly(A) tails in RNA biology.
7.Science: Revealing the role of iodized oxygen in the nucleation of atmospheric aerosols doi:10.1126/science.abe0298 Iodine is one of the few atmospheric gases known to produce new aerosol particles, which play a central role in controlling the radiation forcing of the climate.
He et al. reported experimental evidence from CERN Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) that iodized and niodric acid rapidly form new particles and compete with sulfuric acid in the original region.
8.Science: Fecal microbiome transplantation promotes remission in immunotherapy resuscidable melanoma patients doi:10.1126/science.abb5920; doi:10.1126/science.abg2904 In preclinical mouse models and observational patients, the gut microbiome has been shown to affect the tumor's response to PD-1 immunotherapy.
, however, the regulation of the gut microbiome in cancer patients has not been studied in clinical trials.
In a new study, Erez N. Baruch et al. conducted a Phase 1 clinical trial to assess the safety and feasibility of fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) and reintroduce of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in 10 patients with metastasis melanoma who were resistant to PD-1 immunotherapy.
they observed clinical responses in three patients, two of whom had clinical reactions