The ground mouse is not only a cute expression bag, but also your "black death"

Recently, the cloud of the new coronavirus has not faded, but a news in the crowd has caused heated discussion: Xinhua News Agency reported a case of intestinal plague death in Damoqi, Baotou City, Inner Mongolia, and the local plague outbreak has been activated III.
plague, commonly referred to as the "Black Death", a long-known "black death" that swept across Eurasia in the 1430s, taking the continent a third of Europe's population in less than a decade.
from the 6th to the 19th century, mankind experienced three large-scale plague epidemics, each of which took the lives of millions of people.
last plague pandemic occurred in the second half of the 19th century, originated in Yunnan, China, and took about 1 million people in Hong Kong alone.
the first time in the epidemic that scientists have finally found the culprit of the Black Death, the plague Yersinia pestis.
At the time, Yelsen, a scientist with dual Swiss and French citizenship, successfully isolated a bacterium from a Hong Kong patient and confirmed that it was the cause of the plague, becoming the first scientist to discover the pathogen, which was named Yersinia plague in honor of his outstanding contribution to the disease.
the plague Yersinia is weak resistance to chemical and chemical factors, wet heat 70 degrees C to 80 degrees C 10 minutes, 100 degrees C 1 minute or dry heat 160 degrees C 1 minute can die.
however, plague is very pathogenic, and only a few bacteria can cause disease.
plague Yersinia is mainly in the rodents, such as the slug (earth worm), hamsters and so on, the vector is mainly rat fleas.
fleas become contagious by sucking the blood of infected animals.
germs multiply in the flea intestineu until the front of the flea's stomach cavity is completely blocked by the bacteria, making food impossible to pass.
the hungry fleas try to suck blood, first the contents of the front stomach from the kiss into the host wound, and then the blood-sucking caused by transmission.
before the human plague epidemic, there is often a plague of sage plague, when a large number of sick mice die, the rat flea lost its original host and turned to humans, thus causing human plague.
people are affected by plague, it can still be endemic among people through human-fleas or respiratory channels.
this kind of strong infectious disease caused by the plague Yersen bacteria, is an international quarantine infectious disease, is also China's statutory infectious disease in the Class A infectious disease, in the statutory infectious disease ranked first.
plague, which is clinically common, has three types: adeno type, sepsis type and lung type.
(1) gland plague: the most common, most common in the early stages of the epidemic.
bacteria enter the body through the wound bitten by the epidemic flea, it is devoured by phagocytosis, reproduces within the cell, and reaches the local lymph nodes along the lymphatic tube, causing haemorrhagic necrotization lymph nodeitis.
are found in the groin lymph nodes.
(2) Sepsis plague: primary or secondary.
the former is often due to weak body resistance, strong toxicity of pathogen bacteria, the amount of bacteria in the body caused by more, the latter is more secondary to adeno-type plague, bacteria invasion of blood flow caused.
this type of disease is dangerous, the initial body temperature of the disease as high as 39 degrees C to 40 degrees C, the skin mucous membrane bleeding point, if the rescue is not timely, can be in a few hours to 2 to 3 days of shock and death.
(3) Pneumonic plague: due to inhalation of bacteria dust droplets can directly cause lung infection (original hairstyle), or by the bubonic plague, sepsis plague secondary.
patients with high fever, cough, sputum with blood and a large number of germs, can die of shock, heart failure and so on within 2 to 3 days.
the deceased's skin is often black and purple, so there is a "black death" called.
more than a hundred years after the last plague pandemic, humans seem to have completely overcame the Black Death.
, however, cases are sometimes distributed, and there are often concerns about whether, if left unhedated, every reported case of plague will again cause a worldwide pandemic.
fortunately, many disasters in history have aroused people's attention to plague, at present, the prevention and monitoring of plague in all countries of the world are extremely strict.
china has listed it as one of only two class A infectious diseases (the other is cholera) for the highest level of prevention and surveillance.
rapid development of medical science has made plague no longer a symbol of "black death" and death.
medieval people did not understand the cause of the plague and thought it could be treated by spraying perfume or even eating faeces.
but modern medicine has mastered the nature of plague and can cure it with antibiotics.
cases of untreated plague, the mortality rate is close to 100 per cent, and after treatment, the mortality rate can be reduced to 4 to 15 per cent.
the overall death rate from plague has declined, the diagnosis and treatment of special patients should still be given priority, such as pregnant women.
Are pregnant women more susceptible to plague or some type of plague than the general population? (2) Have pregnant women experienced more severe morbidity and mortality, complications or worse outcomes? (3) Is there an increased risk of adverse outcomes in the fetus or newborn? (4) Is there evidence that yersin pestis is transmitted between mother and child? (5) What is the effect of antimicrobial treatment for pregnant women? A recent systematic review published in Clinical Journals looked at these questions and gave answers.
: 10.1093/cid/ciz1228 The study was conducted through 12 databases, including Medline Ovid, Embase Ovid, Global Health Ovid, etc. The literature search, a total of 6425 related studies, through the implementation of strict inclusion criteria (the occurrence of plague during pregnancy, and describe maternal and child outcomes), and finally obtained 59 effective studies, of which 160 cases of pregnancy plague related to the situation was described.
the main data extracted from the article are demographics of maternal and newborn babies, clinical characteristics, laboratory test results, treatment information, complications, morbidity and mortality, and evidence of mother-to-child transmission of yersinised in pregnancy.
studies define mother-to-child transmission of plague as follows: 1. Congenital transmission (i.e., possible transmission from mother to fetus in the womb): positive for pyintol bacteria in newborn samples within 2 days of delivery; 2. Postpartum transmission (i.e., it is likely to be transmitted to the baby by mother during or after delivery): 1. A new baby sample is tested positive for Bacillus plague within 3 days of birth.
3. No transmission: newborn samples (e.g. fetal tissue, cord blood, newborn blood or neonatal tissue) tested negative (regardless of the test) or no clinical symptoms after birth.
example, as shown in Table 1, 160 cases occurred between 1897 and 2002, with 26 cases (16.3%) of which were unknown in the year of onset.
most cases (n-108,67.5%) occur before antibiotics appear.
These came from 20 different countries, of which India had the highest number of cases (n?113 ?70.6 per cent), followed by the United States (n?6 ?3.8 per cent), Lebanon (n?6 ?3.8 per cent) and China (n?5 ?3.1 per cent).
age at the time of onset of the disease was 28 years (range 18-40 years).
of the 82 cases (51.3%) of pregnant women reported, 12.2% occurred in the early stages of pregnancy (January-March), 35.4% in the middle of pregnancy (April-June) and 52.4% in the latter stages of pregnancy (July-September).
32 cases (20.0%) of plague patients reported laboratory test results, of which 1 confirmed case (3.1%), 17 possible cases (53.1%) and 14 suspected cases (43.8%).
72 cases reported major clinical manifestations, of which 61 (84.7 per cent) were bubonic plague, 9 cases (12.5 per cent) of pneumonic plague and 2 cases were sepsis plague (2.8 per cent). A total of 150 cases (93.8 per cent) of maternity outcomes were reported in
, of which 92 (61.3 per cent) were maternal deaths.
5 days (range 2-73 days) from onset to maternal mortality.
With regard to mortality, primary pneumonic plague had the highest maternal mortality rate (n?7 (77.8%)), followed by 34 cases of primary gland plague (55.7%), followed by 1 case of primary sepsis plague (50.0%).
a total of 22 cases of maternal haemorrhage during infection were reported, of which 13 women (59.1 per cent) experienced haemorrhage;
3, 101 (73.2 per cent) of the 138 cases (86.3 per cent) of known pregnancy outcomes occurred as shown in figure 3.
the middle time from symptoms to fetal death is 3 days (1 to 11 days).
spontaneous abortion (SAB) accounted for 8.9 per cent, fetal intrauterine death (intrauterine fetal, IUFD) accounted for 25.7 per cent, and 54.5 per cent of cases of fetal death were not reported at the specific time of pregnancy.
as shown in Table 2, the study obtained information on mother-to-child transmission of yersinped from pregnant plague from 32 cases.
23 of these cases (71.9%) had no evidence of transmission and 3 (9.4%) believed to have occurred after birth.
one case where there is evidence that the mother-source antibody passes through the placenta, and testing evidence suggests that the antibody has been present at birth.
there were five other laboratory cases of evidence indicating the possible mother-to-child transmission, and none of the five pregnant patients received antimicrobial treatment.
as shown in table 3, only 24 (15.0%) of the 160 patients received antimicrobial treatment, of which 23 were treated during pregnancy and one was treated after the birth.
the most common antimicrobial drugs are sulfonamide drugs (n?18/24(75.0%)) and streptomycin (n?13/24 (54.2%).
a small number of patients also used penicillin (n-3), tetracycline (n-3), qingdamycin (n-1) and chloramphenicol (n-1).
of these cases, 21 reported maternal outcomes and 13 reported fetal outcomes.
28.6 per cent and the fetal mortality rate was 61.5 per cent.
, maternal and fetal mortality rates were 66.7 per cent and 74.2 per cent, respectively, in 136 untreated cases.
mortality rate was 27 per cent (n-4/15) and the stillbirth rate was 100 per cent (n-8/8).
mortality rate was 8 per cent (n?1/13) and the fetal mortality rate was 25 per cent (n?1/4) in the streptomycin treatment group.
study, antibiotics were associated with improved maternal survival in the subgroup of pregnant women receiving treatment.
, however, the survival rate of the fetus after treatment did not improve significantly.
the study also confirmed reports that some pregnant women survived and gave birth to newborns even without proper antimicrobial treatment, suggesting that mother-to-child transmission may not be widespread.
in this systematic evaluation, although no birth defects (abnormalities) were found, the possibility of early infection leading to birth defects cannot be ruled out. None of the five suspected mother-to-child transmission cases of plague Yelsen reported in the
study received maternal antimicrobial treatment, suggesting that without maternal antimicrobial therapy, the mother may be associated with a higher level of mystemia, which in turn may occur with intrauterine transmission of yersin.
concluded that plague infection sedatives during pregnancy were associated with high mortality rates among pregnant women and could lead to maternal abortion.
the risk of miscarriage remains despite the use of antibiotics, appropriate antimicrobial treatment can improve maternal survival.
in addition to severe infections and sepsis, premature birth and bleeding are potential complications of plague during pregnancy.
evidence that mother-to-child transmission of Yersesian plague is possible, especially if antibiotics are not used or delayed.
, it is suggested that pregnant women should be recognized and treated in a timely manner, effective antimicrobial drugs should be applied in a timely manner, and premature birth and bleeding should be monitored.
.