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The main problems of drinking water in China are: water source pollution is widespread, water treatment technology is difficult to adapt, water quality stability of transmission and distribution is poor, management system is not perfect, 106 indicators are difficult to meet standards, and the application of new technologies and new processes is facing difficult tests
.
Water pollution presents complex characteristics.
Pollutants such as organic matter, ammonia nitrogen, algae, heavy metals, odor and odor, and disinfection by-products are common in water supply plants of different river basins and different scales in China.
Based on our current level of understanding, appropriate toxicological indicators should be a comprehensive element that can best express the health risks of water quality
.
However, we are faced with many scientific problems.
The core difficulty is that the toxic effects of many environmental pollutants on human health are uncertain, individual differences and their impact mechanisms are unclear, and the confirmation of health effects requires long-term observation
①The joint toxicity mechanism among water substances and the evaluation method of water quality health risk;
②Construction of drinking water quality standards and standard system based on the combined toxic action mechanism of pollutants;
③ Comprehensive consideration of water source protection and management strategies under the combined action of natural evolution and human coercion;
④ Water treatment technology and safe distribution mode based on the theory of water quality health risks and process regulation
.
This will also be a long-term task of scientific research and technological application for the safety of drinking water
.
Even if we can successfully overcome the pollution problem under the current economic development mode in the next few decades, natural evolution cannot be changed, human activities cannot be stopped, and the unknown consequences of nature, humans and their interactions will still provide safe drinking water.
Bringing endless challenges, at least the following four aspects of water quality problems will exist for a long time along with natural succession and human habitation
.
(1) The disinfection process of biologically polluted drinking water is an indispensable process link to kill all kinds of microorganisms and ensure the safety of water quality
.
However, traditional disinfection methods are worrying
.
(2) Natural organic matter and its disinfection by-products Natural organic matter (NOM) is an inevitable product of natural succession, which is widespread in surface waters and will not disappear
.
The structure of NOM is extremely complex, and it is often the main precursor of disinfection by-products in water treatment
.
(3)Personal care productsPersonal care products (PPCPs) include natural and synthetic synthetic steroids, estrogen, androgens, prescription drugs such as hypolipidemic drugs, analgesics, antiseptics and disinfectants, as well as detergents, antioxidants or fragrances, etc.
.
Such substances have high biological activity and are difficult to degrade.
Some of them may exist in the environment for a long time.
(4) Compound pollution Compound pollution is a basic and ubiquitous environmental phenomenon, and its essence is the interaction, joint effect and process coupling effect of pollutants and coexisting substances in the water
.
The pollution of any water source must be the joint action of multiple substances, and what occurs in the water body must also be a complex process including multiple reactions.
The pollution behavior cannot only produce one effect, but several effects are synergistic or antagonistic.
