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    Home > Biochemistry News > Biotechnology News >  The molecular structure of cell communication and cell signal transduction -- the way cells communicate

     The molecular structure of cell communication and cell signal transduction -- the way cells communicate

    • Last Update: 2020-11-03
    • Source: Internet
    • Author: User
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    NetworkChapter 21 Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Communication and Cell Signal Transduction Cell Communication and Cell Signal TransductionThe environment of advanced organisms changes from time to time, and the harmonization of body functions requires a sound mechanism for cell-to-cell identification, interaction, and interaction, which can be called cell communication. In this system, cells either identify the cells in contact with them, or recognize the various signals present in their surroundings (from surrounding or distant cells) and transform them into changes in the function of various molecules within the cell, altering certain metabolic processes within the cell, affecting the rate at which cells grow, and even inducing cell death. This change in molecular activity for exogenetic signals, and the process by which this change is transmitted to the effect molecules in turn to change cell function, is called signal transduction, with the ultimate goal of making the body most appropriate to respond to changes in the external environment as a whole. In the chapter on material metabolic regulation, the regulation of the neural-
    endocrine
    system at the overall level of metabolic pathways is essentially the process by which one part of the cell in the body signals and the other part of the cell receives the signal and transforms it into a change in cell function. Therefore, to clarify the mechanism of cell signal transduction means to recognize the performance and regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism and death in the whole life process, and then to understand the mechanism of the body's growth, development and metabolism. In recent years, with
    improvement of
    of molecular biology and molecular biology, people's understanding of the in-cell signal transduction process has become more and more in-depth. It is now known that there are many kinds of signal transducting modes and ways in cells, and there are many levels of cross-regulation between various ways and means, which is a very complex network system. Scientists believe that in the future they will map a network of cell signaling similar to a metabolic network map, but this network map may be more complex than a metabolic map.Section I Cell CommunicationSingle-celled organisms exchange information only with the environment, while higher organisms evolve a sophisticated regulatory communication system based on natural needs to maintain the harmonization of all cell behavior. Cell-to-cell communication is mainly made in three ways (Figure 21-1).21-1 The basic mode of cell communication (i) cell gap connectioncell gap connection (Gap Junction) is a direct communication between cells. There is a special structure-connecting cell (Connexon) consisting of
    proteins
    between two adjacent cells, which is shown in Figures 21-2 and 21-3. The connectors are embedded in two adjacent cells at each end to form a hydrohydrative pathway. This pore allows the free exchange of water-soluble molecules with a molecular weight of less than 1500 Daltons between two cells. The significance of this direct exchange is that adjacent cells can share small molecular material, thus rapidly and reversiblely facilitating the coordinated response of adjacent cells to external signals.12 members have been found in
    family
    a multi-gene family. Changes in the expression of certain types of connections were observed during tumor growth and wound healing. Therefore, the connecting factors may be important for cell growth, differentiation, positioning and cell morphology maintenance.(ii) membrane surface molecular contact communication each cell has a large number of molecules distributed on the outer surface of the membrane. These molecules are called proteins or glycoproteins. As the tentacles of cells, these surface molecules can be specifically identified and interacted with the membrane surface molecules of adjacent cells in order to achieve functional coordination. This form of cellular communication is called membrane surface molecular contact communication (Contact signaling by plasma membrane bound molecules). Membrane surface molecular contact communication is also a direct communication between cells, the most typical example of which is the interaction between T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes (Figure 21-4).

    21-2 gap connection function diagram, fluorescent markerof different sizes of molecules injected into the cell, relying on the gapconnection into another cell, the figure represents the molecular weight.21-3 Gap Connection Structure DiagramFigure 21-4 Membrane Surface Molecular Contact Communication ExampleFigure 21-5 Chemical Signals in three forms(iii) Chemical communication Cells can secrete chemicals - proteins or small molecules
    organic
    compounds
    that act as chemical signals on other cells (target cells) to regulate their function, a form of communication called chemical communication. Chemical communication is indirect cellular communication, i.e. the interconnecation between cells no longer requires direct contact between them, but is mediated by chemical signals. According to the distance range in which chemical signal molecules can act, they are divided into three categories (Figure 21-5). 1. The endocrine system is dominated by
    hormones
    , which are chemical signals secreted by endocrine organs and act on the target organs of the whole body with blood flow. Figure 21-6 Transduction of water-soluble and fat-soluble chemical signals 2. Paracrine system is dominated by
    cytokines
    , which mainly act on local cells and are calculated in millimeters. 3. Self-secretion (autocrine) system neuro-media-based, its role is limited to the synapse, the action distance of less than 100nm. chemical signals can also be divided into fat-soluble chemical signals and water-soluble chemical signals according to their solubility. All chemical numbers must be binding to the subject to function, and water-soluble chemical signals cannot enter the cell, and the subject is located on the outer surface of the cell. The fat-soluble chemical signal can enter the cell through a membrane lipid double-layered structure, and its subject is located in the cell pulp or nuclei (Figure 21-6). The characteristics of these two kinds of subject transducting biological signals are described below.


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