The pharmacological effect and application progress of otters and their extracts.

In recent years, otters and their extracts have been widely used in contemporary medical fields such as cardiovascular disease, microsurgery, tumor, diabetes and their complications, infectious diseases, arthritis and pain.
otters belong to the oligarchic gang link animals, male and female, is a higher invertebrate.
2015 edition of China's "People's Republic of China Pharmacopoeia" contains medicinal otters for grasshoppers, otters and willow grasshoppers and other three kinds of grasshoppers dry all.
The main components in otters are proteins and peptides, which can be divided into two categories according to pharmacological effects, one of which is the active ingredients directly acting on the clotting system, such as the well-known otters, heparin, singin, histamines, etc.
other type is other protease inhibitor groups, such as clotting enzyme inhibitors.
addition to this, otters contain small molecular compounds and trace elements.
small molecular compounds, including butterfly, glycolipids, steroids and steroids, trace elements were found in Fe, Mn, Zn, Co and other 14 species.
The pharmacological effect and application of otter 1, the application of otter in cardiovascular disease has contributed a lot in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, mainly due to the salivary glands of otters containing active substances that can inhibit blood clotting and improve tissue pain allergy.
1997, a new anti-thrombosis drug, Piyavit, was put into use in the Russian market, mainly in otter saliva extract.
Piyavit has thrombosis and antiplate plateplate aggregation, and clinical trials have shown that it can slow blood clotting too quickly, with anti-inflammatory effects in patients with thrombosis.
is used in association with otter blood-sucking therapy, patients with venous inflammation can walk better, the swelling and pain in the legs will be reduced, and the skin color of the legs will be close to normal.
is an anticoagulant approved by the FDA for clinical blood-sucking animal sources.
hydroxycin can directly block the binding of clotting enzymes to fibrin without the help of cofactors, and because it has no immune response to red blood cells, it can be used to treat plate plateiac abnormalities and plateiac reduction caused by heparin.
studies have shown that otters are more effective than heparin in treating patients with deep vein thrombosis and local ischemic diseases with unstable angina.
from heparin, otters can prevent the occurrence of high-risk cardiovascular diseases, treat intravascular clotting syndrome, and relieve pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis.
addition to otters, the FDA has approved two hydrotin-likes, Lepirudi and Desirudin.
is also used to prevent all-knee replacement surgery caused by deep vein thrombosis.
2, reconstruction and microsurgery human applications of otter bleeding and medical otter treatment has thousands of years of history, otters have been successfully used in plastic surgery and microsurgery reconstructive surgery.
the use of medical blood-sucking doctors can remove blood clots in the closed area of blood vessels after surgery, so that the veins are smooth, reducing tissue necrosis.
In the re-planting of the extremities of the extremities (nose tip, lower lip, scalp and ears) by micro-tube matching surgery, the otters can be used for blood drainage, sucking away silt that cannot be removed by veins.
although otters do not really replace the role of venous blood vessels, they can reduce the effect of silt on replanting tissue and gain time for the body to repair the blood supply system.
1984, doctors treated the swollen flaps with otters, and after 2 to 4d, they found that the swelling gradually subsided, the flaps became normal in color, and there were few complications.
2004, the FDA approved the use of blood-sucking otters as a tool for healing skin, transplantation and recovery cycles, and approved the use of blood-sucking otters from Ricarrimpex SAS in France for medical use in the medical market.
3, arthritis and analgesic otter saliva contains different analgesics, anesthetics and histamine-like compounds, these effective substances have anti-inflammatory swelling pain, the removal of toxins, so it is used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, with a significant pain reduction effect, research shows that arthritis patients will be 2 to 3 doctors placed in the patient, after 1 week, the pain significantly reduced, and continued for two months did not relapse.
than using aspirin and other physiotherapy, otter therapy works better, reducing joint pain and restoring joint movement.
4, anti-cancer metastasis otters contain a variety of anticoagulants, protease inhibitors and other components as auxiliary ingredients are assophedrine to anti-cancer metastasis drugs, more effective than its direct use in the treatment of cancer, its mechanism may be related to otters can improve blood viscosity.
have been reported that intravenous injection of salivary gland extracts from H. ghilianii and Haementeria officinalis into experimental animals can effectively inhibit the spread and metastasis of lung cancer cells.
to isolate a protein, Ghilanten, from H. ghilianii's salivary glands, which also fights coagulation and hinders the metastasis of melanoma, breast, lung and prostate cancer.
also shown that synthetic hydroxycin can inhibit the spread of malignant tumors such as bladder, colon, leukemia and lymphoma.
2010, scientists first proposed a two-month treatment with H. medicinalis, which successfully cured patients with advanced kidney cancer and smooth muscular tumors with low back pain.
addition, the salivary gland extract of H. manillensis demonstrated good in vivo activity (SW1271) that hinders the growth of malignant cells in lung cancer.
5, antibacterial anti-infective action otters can be used to treat infectious diseases, from the medical saliva to isolate a protein called instability enzyme, it has the activity of lysolysase, will destroy the composition of certain cells.
studies have shown that any part of the dry body, especially the salivary glands, can isolate antibacterial substances that fight Glorene-negative or positive pathogens.
these otters showed high antibacterial activity against Shiva and green balloon bacteria, and lower antibacterial activity against E. coli, typhoid salmonella and Staphylococcus aegype.
can be used to treat bacterial-induced diseases such as arthritis, food poisoning, or endemic diseases transmitted in hospitals.
same, H. manillensis salivary gland secretions have been found to have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity that can resist Glorene negative and positive bacteria.
6, the application of traditional Chinese medicine otters as a traditional Chinese medicine, the earliest included in the "God's Agricultural Herbs", Chinese medicine believes that it has a blood-breaking, general effect.
Chinese medicine usually uses the concocoteded dried otter instead of the otter living body, and the 2015 edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China stipulates that the use of otters is a drinking tablet.
With the continuous development of the scope of otter medicine, in chinese medicine clinically commonly used mono-flavored or mixed compound preparations, especially to prevent cardiovascular diseases of traditional Chinese medicine gradually increased, such as thrombosis capsules, live blood capsules, resussual capsules, thrombosis capsules, thrombotic heart, heart, cerebral thrombosis, live blood transfusion, blood clot injections, vasectomy, anti-thrombosis tablets, etc.
chinese medicine will also be dried worm bubble into medicine, treatment of clots, blood clots, acuity, bruising and other diseases.
is one of the commonly used Chinese medicine, the significant role of active hemorrhic radon makes it widely respected in the treatment of Chinese medicine blood evidence.
era of the sustainable development of Chinese medicine, otters and their extracts are more and more widely used in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis diseases.
addition, with the deepening of modern pharmacological research, otters and their extracts are being excavated in other applications.
: Liu Wei, Gao Meifeng, Kong Yi. Advances in the study of the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of otters. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2017, 01:76-80. Han Wenbo, Sun Aijun, Meng Lijun, Wang Xian. Advances in the study of the anti-atherosclerosis effect of otters. Tianjin Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2019, 36 (07): 724-727. Pang Xinxin, Yu Yu, Li Hepei, Han Jiarui. The research progress of Chinese medicine otters and their extracts in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Bright Chinese Medicine, 2019, 34 (01): 168-171. Introduction to the author: Small sediment, food science and technology workers, graduated from the School of Food Science and Engineering of South China University of Technology, Master of Food Science, is now working in a large domestic pharmaceutical research and development company, engaged in the development and research of nutritious food.
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