The top ten developments of Chinese Science in 2017 were released in Beijing

This article is reproduced from the official account of China Academy of Sciences (CASbulletin), and the ten major progress of China science is selected by the Ministry of science and technology of the high technology research and development center, and has been held for 13 sessions as of 2018 The research progress is recommended by five editorial departments of China basic science, science and technology guide, Journal of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Science Foundation and Science Bulletin, and selected by academicians of the two academies, experts of 973 Program Advisory Group and advisory group, chief scientist of 973 program, director of national key laboratory and other experts and scholars through two rounds of primary and final election The purpose of this activity is to strengthen the publicity of the major basic research progress of our country, encourage the enthusiasm and dedication of science and technology workers, promote the public to understand, care and support science more, and create a good scientific atmosphere in the whole society This activity has become a brand of basic research communication work in China, and has a good response in the field of science and technology 1 To realize the thousand kilometer quantum entanglement and key distribution between the satellite and the earth, and to realize the thousand kilometer quantum entanglement distribution by the invisible Mozi satellite "Mozi" quantum science experiment satellite, the world's first space quantum science experiment satellite independently developed by China, was launched on August 16, 2016, completed in orbit test on January 18, 2017, and officially delivered for scientific experiment   Pan Jianwei and Peng Chengzhi research groups of University of science and technology of China, together with Wang Jianyu research group of Shanghai Institute of Technology Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, have made innovative breakthroughs in many key technologies, including two-way high-precision light tracking of the sky and earth, space high brightness quantum entanglement source, anti intensity fluctuation decoy state quantum light source and space long-life low-noise single photon detection, etc“ Mozi is the first one in the world to realize the two-way quantum entanglement distribution of thousands of kilometers between the satellite and the earth, and on this basis, it realizes the quantum mechanical non localization test that the space scale strictly meets the "Einstein localization condition"; it also realizes the quantum key distribution of thousands of kilometers between the satellite and the earth and the quantum teleportation of the earth star, and the key distribution rate is 20% higher than that of the same distance fiber quantum communication on the ground It provides a reliable technical support for the construction of the world-wide integrated quantum secure communication network, and lays a solid scientific and technological foundation for China to continue to lead the development of the world's quantum communication technology in the future and to test the frontier research of the basic problems of space-scale quantum physics Relevant research progress was published in science on June 16, 2017 [science, 356 (6343): 1140-1144] and nature on September 7, 2017 [nature, 549 (7670): 43-47] and [nature, 549 (7670): 70-73] as soon as the research results are published, they have attracted extensive attention of the international academic community and the news media, and they have also been highly praised by the international academic community They have been selected as the "2017 major scientific event" commented by Nature magazine and selected by science news, a famous American scientific media Professor Pan Jianwei, chief scientist of Mozi, was also selected by Nature magazine as one of the "top ten scientific figures who changed the world in 2017", known as "physicists who let quantum communication gallop between heaven and earth" 2 Transforming the virus directly into live vaccine and therapeutic drugs, such as influenza, AIDS and Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is always harmful to human health and social stability The "black hand" behind it is a virus with diverse structure and function and rapid variation, and vaccine is an effective means to prevent virus infection Zhou Demin, Zhang Lihe and the research team of Peking University School of medicine take influenza virus as a model, and only one triple genetic code of the mutated virus gene is the termination code while retaining the complete structure and infectivity of the virus The influenza virus changes from a pathogenic infectious source to a preventive vaccine, and then mutates multiple triple codes into the termination code, and the virus becomes a therapeutic drug The characteristics of this kind of vaccine are that it can retain all antigens, infection activity and the same infection pathway of wild-type virus, and can induce strong and wide humoral immunity, nasal mucosal immunity and T-cell activation immune response in human body, but it lacks replication ability after infection The replication deficient live virus vaccine has been verified in mouse, ferret and guinea pig models, achieving a broad-spectrum, lasting and efficient effect This method overturns the concept of traditional inactivated / attenuated vaccine The former needs to change the structure of virus antigen to remove its toxicity, and can only partially stimulate human immunity, so it needs to be vaccinated many times The latter requires complex process to retain the complete structure of the virus, but it still has weak replication ability and potential pathogenicity, and has great security risks This method will be a general method for the development of live virus vaccines, and can target almost all viruses Relevant research progress was published in science, 354 (6316): 1170-1173 on December 2, 2016 This research progress is a typical example of supporting basic research and encouraging clinical transformation of basic research in China for a long time Science commented that this progress is a revolutionary breakthrough in the field of virus vaccine, which nature called "a new method of taming virus" 3 The first detection of the double charm baryon, which consists of two charm quarks and one upper quark, was announced on July 6, 2017 by CERN, Scientists from the LHC upper and lower quark detectors (lhcb) international cooperation group have found a new particle called Double charm baryon, which has two unit charges and a mass of about 3621 MeV, almost four times the mass of the proton Similar to protons and neutrons, the newly discovered double charm baryons are composed of three quarks, but their quark components are different: protons are composed of two upper quarks and one lower quark, neutrons are composed of two lower quarks and one upper quark, while double charm baryons are composed of two heavier charm quarks and one upper quark It is expected that the internal structure of the double charm baryon is different from the previously discovered particles, and the study of its properties will help us to understand the composition of matter and the nature of strong interaction Relevant research progress was published in Physical Review Letters, 119, 112001 on September 11, 2017 The international cooperation group of bottom quark detector is composed of more than 1000 scientists from 16 countries Tsinghua University, central China Normal University, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Wuhan University are members of the cooperation group In close cooperation with domestic theorists, the Chinese research team led by Gao Xining of Tsinghua University led the physical analysis of the discovery of the double charm baryon and made a key contribution to the discovery of the particle CERN has made a special news release on the discovery of shuangcan baryon, which has been reported by the global media The reviewer commented: "this paper gives a long-awaited important result - the first observation of double charm baryons." At the same time, the American Journal of physics reported on the topic of "doubly attractive particles" and thought that the discovery "provides researchers with a unique system to test quantum chromodynamics" 4 It is found that the fundamental particles of the universe composed of triple degenerate fermion, triple degenerate fermion (right), quadruple degenerate Dirac fermion (left) and double degenerate outer fermion (middle) can be divided into boson and fermion The existing theory holds that there are only three types of fermions in the universe, namely, Dirac fermion, outer fermion and mayorana fermion Among them, Dirac fermion has quadruple degeneracy, outer fermion and mayorana fermion have quadruple degeneracy, while triple degeneracy fermion does not exist in the universe These three types of fermions can also exist in solid materials in the form of quasi particles, among which the existence of Dirac fermion and outer fermion has been confirmed experimentally, and mayorana fermion has also been supported by some experiments These solid materials are commonly known as "solid universe", corresponding to the real universe Different from the continuous space-time, the "solid universe" only satisfies the discontinuous discrete space symmetry, which may lead to the emergence of new fermions that do not exist in the real universe Finding new fermions in the "solid universe" is a challenging frontier scientific problem in condensed matter physics in recent years, and also one of the focuses of international competition in this field Dinghong, Qian Tian and Shi Youguo, research groups and collaborators of Institute of physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, have observed a class of fermions with triple degeneracy in molybdenum phosphide crystal by using angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy experimental technology on the "dream line" of Shanghai light source and Swiss light source This is the first experiment to find fermions beyond the traditional Dirac / wail / mayorana type Their experimental findings open up a way to explore non-traditional fermions in condensed matter system, which is of great significance to promote people's understanding of quantum state, discovery of novel physical phenomena and development of new electronic devices Relevant research progress was published in nature on June 29, 2017, 546 (7660): 627-631] 5 Low temperature preparation and storage of hydrogen Low temperature liquid-phase reforming of water and methanol to produce hydrogen based on Pt / α - MOC catalyst is known as the next generation of clean energy, but the efficient preparation, safe storage and transportation of hydrogen have been the bottleneck of large-scale application of hydrogen energy Because methanol can be transported safely, hydrogen can be stored in liquid methanol, and hydrogen can be produced in situ through low-temperature liquid-phase reforming reaction of water and methanol When hydrogen stored in methanol is released, additional hydrogen can also be released by activating equimolar water, which is a feasible way to utilize hydrogen energy This process device is simple, low energy consumption, easy to integrate with vehicle or fixed polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, and the released hydrogen accounts for 18.8% of the total weight   According to the cooperation between the Martin research group of the school of chemistry and molecular engineering of Peking University and Wen Xiaodong of Shanxi Institute of coal and chemical technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shi Chuan of Dalian University of technology, the catalysts prepared by dispersing platinum monoatom on the face centered cubic structure of molybdenum carbide (α - MOC) can be used for liquid phase reforming of methanol, and can show high hydrogen production activity at low temperature (150-190 ℃) It can produce 18046 moles of hydrogen per hour per mole of platinum This superior hydrogen production ability is far greater than the previously reported low-temperature methanol reforming catalyst (higher than nearly two orders of magnitude) The key lies in the outstanding ability of α - MOC to dissociate water and the ability of platinum and α - MOC to activate and reformate methanol cooperatively At the same time, the research team in the water gas conversion hydrogen production process (CO + H2O = CO2 + H2) also broke through the problem that high conversion rate and high reaction rate can not be achieved at low temperature, and developed a new generation of catalytic process based on Au / α - MOC Relevant research progress was published in nature on April 6, 2017 [nature, 544 (7648): 80-83] and science on July 28, 2017, 357 (6349): 389-393] the above research progress has been reported and highly praised by many scientific media C & E news magazine of the American Chemical Society and Chemistry World magazine of the Royal chemical society respectively reported on the topics of "hydrogen energy: a new process for preparing hydrogen fuel" and "new catalyst lights up the future of hydrogen energy vehicles", It is suggested that "with the success of this highly active catalytic system, the concept of hydrogen storage in methanol and reforming release when necessary may be applied in practice