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    Home > Medical News > Medical World News > The topic that drug delivery systems can't get around - nanoparticles

    The topic that drug delivery systems can't get around - nanoparticles

    • Last Update: 2021-01-11
    • Source: Internet
    • Author: User
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    Engineering nanomaterials have important prospects for improving disease diagnosis and treatment specificity.
    nanotechnology can overcome the limitations of traditional drug delivery by cell-specific targeting, transporting molecules to specific cells and in-cell transport.
    to promote the clinical transformation of these promising nanotechnology, the National Council on Science and Technology (NSTC) launched the National Nanotechnology Program (NNI) in 2000 and presented clear plans and major challenges for the field.
    nanoparticles (NPs) make up a large part of the plan.
    nanoparticles can improve the stability and solubility of the packaged cargo, facilitate cross-membrane transport, and extend cycle times, thereby improving safety and effectiveness.
    for these reasons, nanoparticles have been widely used, producing promising results in introphy and small animal models.
    with the application of nanoparticle-based precision therapy in cancer medicine, immunotherapy and gene editing in the body, it is particularly important to keep abstring on the progression of NPs.
    NPs classification 1, lipid-based NPs lipid-based NPs include a variety of sub-group structures, but the most typical is a spherical structure, including at least one lipid bi-molecular layer, surrounding at least one internal water chamber (Figure 1).
    As an important drug delivery system, lipid-based NPs have many advantages, including simple formulation, self-assembly, bio-compatible, high bio-utilization, the ability to carry large payloads, and a range of physical and chemical properties that can be controlled to regulate their biological properties.
    for these reasons, lipid NPs are the most common category of FDA-approved nanodrests (Table 1).
    liposomes is one of the most typical lipid-based NPs sub-groups, consisting of phospholipids, which can form a single-layer and multi-layer small bubble structure.
    this allows lipids to carry and deliver hydrophobic, hydrophobic and pro-fat drugs, which can even adsorb hydrophobic and pro-fat compounds in the same system, thus expanding their use.
    their stability in vitro and in vivo is affected by NPs size, surface charge, lipid composition, number of layers, and surface modification (ligate or polymer).
    lipid body usually includes surface modification to expand its circulation and enhance the dosing, since the lipid body can be quickly absorbed by the mesh endoskine system, which makes it clinically possible.
    other notable lipid-based NPs subpopulation is lipid nanoparticles (lipid nanoparticles, LNPs) that are widely used for nucleic acid transfer.
    the biggest difference between LNPs and traditional liposomes is that they form a beam structure within the particle core, whose morphology can be changed according to formulation and synthesis parameters.
    LNPs are usually made up of four main components: cation or ionized lipids (composited with negatively charged genetic material to help the content escape), phospholipids (particle structure), cholesterol (which contributes to stability and membrane fusion), and polyglycol lipids (which improve stability and circulation).
    effectiveness of LNPs nucleic acid transfer and its simple synthesis, small size and serum stability make it particularly important in personalized gene therapy applications.
    ionization LNPs are ideal carriers for these nucleic acid therapies because they have a near-neutral charge at physiological pH, but an electric charge in an acidic body that facilitates the escape of the intension to intracertic release.
    , however, despite these advantages, the LNPs system is limited due to high intake of the liver and spleen due to low drug load and biological distribution.
    2, polymer NPs polymer NPs can be synthesized from natural or synthetic materials, and form a variety of possible structures and characteristics (Figure 1).
    synthesis of polymer NPs uses a variety of technologies, such as emulsification (solvent replacement or diffusion), nano-precipitation, ion gel and microflow, which are the end products of different technologies.
    polymer NPs also have variable drug delivery capabilities.
    drugs can be encapsulated in the NPs core, embedded in the polymer substate, chemically coupled with the polymer, or combined with the NPs surface.
    polymer NPs are ideal for co-delivery of drugs that can carry hydrophobic and hydrophobic compounds as well as different molecular weights such as small molecules, biomass molecules, proteins and vaccines.
    by regulating the composition, stability, reactivity and surface charge of NPs and drugs, the load effect and release dynamics of the drug can be precisely controlled.
    most common forms of polymer NPs are nanocapsules (cavities surrounded by polymer membranes or shells) and nanospheres (nanospheres, solid substation systems).
    these two categories, NPs are further divided into polymers, micelles, and tree-like large molecules.
    polymer follicle polymersomes are artificial blisters that are comparable to lipids, but improve stability and drug retention efficiency, making them an effective carrier for delivering therapeutic drugs to cytestics.
    polymer follicles commonly used for these purposes include polyethyl glycol (PEG) and polydymethane (PDMS).
    adhesive beam microles, self-assembled nanoballs with hydrophobic cores and hydrophobic coatings, which protect the transport of water-based drugs and improve cycle times.
    can carry a variety of drug types, from small molecules to proteins, and have been used in clinical trials to deliver cancer treatment drugs.
    tree-like large molecule dendrimers is a highly dedy polymer with a complex three-dimensional structure whose mass, size, shape and surface chemistry can be highly controlled.
    active erratic group outside the tree-like polymer allows the biome molecule or influencer to be coupled to the surface, while the drug can be loaded internally.
    tree-like large molecules can carry many types of cargo, but the most common study is the delivery of nucleic acids and small molecules.
    these applications, charged polymers such as polyethylamine (PEI) and polyamide (PAMAM) are commonly used.
    several tree polymer products are currently undergoing clinical trials, such as anti-inflammatory agents, transfectives, external gels and contrast agents.
    , polymer NPs are ideal for drug delivery due to biodegradability, water solubility, biosynthability, bionics and storage stability.
    their surfaces can be easily modified to additional targets, allowing them to deliver drugs, proteins and genetic material to target tissues, playing an important role in cancer medicine, gene therapy and diagnosis.
    , however, the disadvantages of polymer NPs include an increased risk of particle aggregation and toxicity.
    only a small number of polymer nanodrests are currently approved by the FDA for clinical use (Table 1), polymer NPs are currently undergoing extensive clinical trials.
    materials such as 3, inorganic NPs gold, iron and silicon dioxide have been used to synthesize nanostructure materials for a variety of drug delivery and imaging applications (Figure 1).
    these inorgestring nanomaterials are precisely made and can be designed in a variety of sizes, structures and geometric shapes.
    the most in-depth study of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and are used in various forms, such as nanoballs, nano rods, nanostars, nanoshells and nanomaterials.
    addition, inorgestring NPs have unique physical, electrical, magnetic and optical properties due to the properties of the substrate itself.
    , for example, AuNPs have free electrons on their surfaces that continuously oscillate at frequencies depending on their size and shape, giving them photothermal properties.
    iron oxide is another common inorganica NPs.
    iron oxide NPs account for the vast majority of FDA-approved inorganic NPs clinical studies (Table 1).
    magnetic iron oxide NPs consist of Fe3O4 or Fe2O3, which are super-flugic in some sizes and have been successfully used in copesic agents, drug delivery vectors and thermal therapy.
    other common inorganic NPs include calcium phosphate and mesolytic silica NPs, which have been successfully used for gene and drug transmission.
    inorance NPs are uniquely qualified for diagnostic, imaging and photothermal therapies due to their magnetic, radioactive or plasma properties.
    most have good biosysorance and stability.
    , however, their clinical application is limited due to low solubility and toxicity problems, especially in formulations using heavy metals.
    NPs precision medicine in precision medicine has expanded clinical treatment methods, overcome many limitations of traditional "one size fits all" treatments, and improved treatment effectiveness.
    in oncology, classification of patients through biomarkers and accompanying diagnoses has become the standard for drug development, as most cancer nanopharmaceous drugs fail to produce positive results in unclassified studies.
    NPs began to develop for specific patient groups.
    because NPs overcome many of the limitations of current deliveries, potentially improving the effectiveness and therapeutic effectiveness of precision drugs, they can qualify more patients for clinical trials and benefit from individualized treatments.
    since the launch of the Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI) in 2015, the application of nanomaterials in precision medicine has emerged.
    , for example, a blood test for early detection of pancreatic cancer analyzed personalized biomolete coronas attached to graphene oxide nano flakes.
    graphene oxide combines the unique properties of small amounts of albumin to force adsorption of low-level proteins present in plasma.
    other studies use magnetic NPs or AuNPs, which are simple to use in biomarker detection and analysis, saving time and money compared to existing methods that require extensive sample processing.
    in addition to diagnostic screening, some of NPs' therapeutic applications are designed to reshape the tumor micro-environment, promote particle accumulation and penetration, improve drug efficacy, and/or make tumors sensitive to specific treatments.
    , for example, tumor-related endoskin cells can be manipulated by NPs-transmitted microRNAs, which alter the tumor's vascular system, making the tumor sensitive to traditional cancer therapies.
    similar bio-stimulated lipoproteins have been used to reshape tumors and increase NPs' access to cancer cells by 27 times.
    the use of photothermal NPs can improve the immersion of CAR-T cells and anti-solid tumor activity.
    NPs can also be used to regulate immune activation or inhibition, making cancer cells sensitive to treatment and homogenizing heterogeneous environments, allowing more patients to respond to precision therapy or meet treatment standards.
    , the combination of NPs and precision medicine promotes the development of each other's fields.
    the classification of patients by precision medicine can accelerate the clinical transformation of NPs developed for a wide range of specific patient populations.
    , NPs benefit patients by increasing the delivery and efficacy of precision drugs and integrating more patients into the classified population, thereby increasing the success rate of precision medicine.
    development of NPs for precision medicine is a highly customizable process.
    this well-designed approach is able to adjust the pharmacodynamics of therapeutic drugs to meet the requirements of solubility, administration or biological distribution and has been successful in research (table 2).
    , Mitchell, M.J., Billingsley, M.M., Haley, R.M. et al. Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov (2020).
    This article is an English version of an article which is originally in the Chinese language on echemi.com and is provided for information purposes only. This website makes no representation or warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness ownership or reliability of the article or any translations thereof. If you have any concerns or complaints relating to the article, please send an email, providing a detailed description of the concern or complaint, to service@echemi.com. A staff member will contact you within 5 working days. Once verified, infringing content will be removed immediately.

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