The world's first human cell map recently released, human cell map is related to the human genome map?

The world's first human cell map has been released.
scientists have for the first time analyzed the types of human cells in embryos and adulthood at a single-cell level, defining many previously unknown cell types.
cells are the basic unit of life, recently, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Guo Guoxuan team announced the successful mapping of the world's first human cell map.
the study, published in the international journal Nature, for the first time from the single-cell level to fully analyze the embryo and adult human cell species, systematically mapped human cells covering eight systems, established more than 700,000 single-cell transcriptome database, identified more than 100 cell groups and more than 800 cell subgroups, the research team also set up a human cell blueprint website.
What other research programs have there been in the world on human cell mapping so far? Is the human cell map related to the human genome map? What are the challenges and difficulties of mapping human cells? Science and Technology Daily reporter interviewed the relevant experts.
describethethethes the characteristics of each cell with a digital matrix Guo Guoguo, who has introduced that the human cell map is the digitization of human cells.
it uses a numerical matrix to describe the characteristics of each cell and systematically classifys them. "We defined many previously unknown cell types and found some special patterns of expression, " says Guo Guoxuan,
.
, for example, a variety of adult epithelial, endothelial, and matrix cells appear to act as immune cells in tissues.
these part-time immune cells are also doing part-time immune work, we believe that the extensive immune activation of adult non-immune cells is an important regulatory mechanism of regional immunity in the human body.
"What research programs are still under way around the world on human cell mapping?" Wu Jinyu, a professor at the Institute of Genetics at Wenzhou Medical University, told reporters that there are hundreds of cell mapping projects in the world.
starting in 2017, the world began to cooperate on a large scale, Chinese scholars are also deeply involved, new results continue to emerge.
for example, progress has been made in 2018 in the study of human development almost cell mapping.
many diseases originate in the early development of the human body, a detailed understanding of the development process is the key to explain human health and disease.
researchers at the Wellcome Foundation Sanger Institute in the UK and newcastle in the UK collected genetic data from more than 250,000 cells in developing human tissue.
this data will show which genes are turned on in the cell, helping to explain the important processes during development.
scientists from the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, Stockholm University and the Royal Swedish Institute of Technology worked together to study the development of the brain, lungs and heart, as well as the development of three months of embryos, in order to understand normal human development and gain insight into developmental disorders.
, co-chair of the Human Cell Map (HCA) organizing committee and director of cytogenetics at the Wellcome Foundation Sanger Institute, said that our understanding of human development will be changed by the Human Development Cell Map Project, and that this basic study will provide a wide range of important insights, including a better understanding of the causes of miscarriage and genetic developmental disorders, as well as understanding the developmental origins of childhood cancer and the developmental pathways used by cancer cells in adults.
identify disease-related abnormal cell types Each cell carries an organism of a genome, with a gene sequence map, researchers have the opportunity to find a variety of diseases and phenotypes related to the "code", accelerate the understanding of disease occurrence, development, help the diagnosis of disease and personalized treatment.
, the Human Genome Project is known as the "Life Moon Project", which is to decipher about 3 billion bases and about 20,000 genes on 23 pairs of chromosomes distributed in the nucleus of humans.
June 2000, the mapping of the human genome was completed and an accurate map of the human genome, similar to the periodic table of chemical elements, was mapped.
2006, a research project named "Yan Huang Project" was launched in Shenzhen, that is, through the large samples of white, yellow and black whole genome sequencing and sequence analysis comparison, to explore the human genome in different populations polymorphism distribution and change law.
November 2008, the "Yan Huang Project" Chinese genome mapping was completed.
"These genetic maps have been found to show that the genome sequences of different humans are highly similar.
the genome sequences of cells from different locations are more similar, sometimes exactly the same or with a few sequence differences, for the same person.
" Wu Jinyu said that by mapping human cells, each cell can reveal the gene expression state of each cell in a specific time-time, perhaps in the future, clinicians can identify abnormal cell types and origin, etc., to achieve an earlier diagnosis of various diseases.
for example, Guo Guoxuan's team, through cross-period, cross-tissue and cross-species cell mapping analysis, revealed a universal mammalian cell fate decision mechanism: stem cells and progenitor cells of the transcription state is mixed and random, and the transcription state of differentiation and mature cells becomes distinct and stable, that is, cell differentiation has undergone a process of development from chaos to orderly. "Our work has some limitations in the depth of sequencing, and the perfect version of the human cell map should also integrate spatial information, multi-group data and population analysis, which requires the joint efforts of scientists around the world," said Guo Guoxuan,
.
" single-cell sequencing technology is the key to mapping Wu Jinyu told reporters that the successful mapping of human cells, relying on the core technology is single-cell sequencing technology.
in the past, scientists used techniques such as microscopes and flow analysis to classify and identify cells of different species in nature using several phenotypic features of cells.
the selection of these phenotypes often introduces more artificial subjectivity.
single-cell transcription sequencing technology is a cutting-edge technology in life science sedatives that has developed rapidly in recent years, and it is to apply transcription sequencing to a single cell level to identify the type, function, and changeof of specific cell state, and to reveal the state of gene expression of cells at single cell level, reflecting the heterogeneity between cells.
Wu Jinyu said that from the current situation, single-cell sequencing technology still faces some problems.
first, like a drop of blood, there are a million levels of cells.
for organ tissue, all kinds of cells are tightly bound together, how to separate these cells one by one without causing large cell loss is the first problem.
second, so many cells need to be sequenced at high depth, at a very high cost.
again, how to efficiently mine the massive amount of data generated by high-throughput sequencing is a very big challenge.
at present, due to the complexpreparation of samples, high sequencing costs, long cycle, and direct clinical applications there is still a certain gap.
single-cell sequencing technology plays an important role in the fields of oncology, developmental biology, microbiology, neuroscience, etc., and its application value can be demonstrated by the interesting example of vortex.
vortex is a creature smaller than apple seeds, and although it is small, it has an ability that other animals envy.
If you cut a vortex into a number of sections, each section will regrow into a complete vortex.
as early as decades ago, researchers knew that the vortex regeneration was a group of nonspecific stem cells called neoblast, but it is not clear exactly which neoblast cell works. Alejandro Sanchez Alvarado of the Stolls Medical Institute in Kansas City, Missouri,
, using single-cell sequencing technology to successfully isolate a cell type called neoblast 2 subtype (Nb2), and by cutting vortex and observing the development of the wound, it was found that the number of Nb2 cells increased rapidly, causing the wound sesame in the vortex to heal;
Wu Jinyu said that such a major discovery as the vortex Nb2 cell type, it is too early to say that these findings can be used for treatment, organ regeneration, reconstruction of parts of the body, "but the discovery of natural regeneration mechanism is a good start."
using single-cell sequencing technology to map cells, or to help us open the "black box" of human deaths from old age, leading to a number of major clinical discoveries.
Source: Science and Technology Daily Li Wei.