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Fishing vessels have legitimate reasons to shut down their location-tracking systems, but there are also some dubious reasons
.
When fishing vessels hide their location, a lot of information
is sometimes leaked.
A modeling study found that gaps in tracking data could indicate illegal activity
.
Some vessels are equipped with automatic identification systems (AIS) that can pinpoint and help prevent collisions, but can also be closed
.
Heather Welch, a spatial ecologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and her colleagues analyzed more than 3.
7 billion signals
from ships between 2017 and 2019.
They found gaps in the data, with fishing vessels often deliberately disabling hot spots
for equipment.
Ships hide up to 6% of activity – more than 4.
9 million hours
in 3 years.
According to the study, some of these gaps may be legal, but others may mask illegal fishing
.
Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing costs the global economy up to $25 billion annually
.
It is also harmful
to marine life.
The team found that 82 percent of the time lost due to the failure of the AIS system occurred on
ships flying the flags of Spain, the United States, Taiwan and Chinese mainland.
Instead, most of the vessels using AIS come from middle- and high-income countries
.
The virus that causes COVID-19 may share a common ancestor with bat coronaviruses later
than scientists thought.
But finding the direct ancestor of SARS-CoV-2 is highly unlikely
, the researchers say.
The complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and several closely related bat coronaviruses suggest that they shared a common ancestor
decades ago.
But viruses are known to exchange blocks of RNA, a process known as recombination, so each part has its own evolutionary history
.
In an analysis presented at the 7th World Congress on Unified Health in Singapore on November 8, scientists compared fragments
of the coronavirus genome.
The findings suggest that as recently as 2016, some parts of the bat coronavirus shared a common ancestor with SARS-CoV-2 – just 3 years later, the virus appeared in
humans in late 2019.
The study has not been peer-reviewed
.
The discovery narrows the time interval
between the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which originated in bats, to humans.
But it also highlights how difficult
it is to find the direct ancestor of SARS-CoV-2 in bats, given the frequency with which the coronavirus recombined.
Edward Holmes, an evolutionary virologist at the University of Sydney in Australia, says the chances of finding direct ancestors are "almost zero"
.
According to the United Nations (UN) model, the world's population reached 8 billion on November 15 — just 12 years after it surpassed 7 billion and less than a century
from the planet with just 2 billion people.
The latest UN Population Update released in July also lowered its long-term forecast from 11 billion to 10.
4 billion by 2100
.
Although this is a rough estimate, it is probably the most reliable estimate
ever produced by the United Nations.
The organization has changed the way it analyzes data from every five years to once
a year.
In recent decades, the capacity and capacity to collect statistics in many countries has steadily improved
.
The most important factor behind the UN's updated forecast is that data from China has become more reliable
since it ended its one-child policy in 2015.
UN projections suggest that China's population has peaked and will decline every year, at least until the end of
the century.
However, serious blind spots remain, especially in countries
experiencing humanitarian crises and conflicts, such as Somalia, Yemen and Syria.
