There are more than 50,000 confirmed cases of monkeypox worldwide, how many do you know?

Human monkeypox cases are mainly distributed in the rainforests of central and western Africa, and since 1970 there have been monkeypox-like viruses

Monkeypox viruses, smallpox viruses, pox vaccine viruses and cowpox viruses are the four viruses that cause disease in humans

The state of the epidemic before 2022

Monkeypox viruses exist in two branches, West Africa and the Congo Basin, with clear epidemiological and clinical outcome differences, with a case fatality rate of about 3.

A total of five countries in Africa reported monkeypox cases in 2022: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Central African Republic and the Republic of

Monkeypox outbreaks outside Africa are low and local transmission is limited

The 2003 monkeypox outbreak in the United States affected six states, with a cumulative total of 47 cases reported, the first country

In 2018, 2019 and 2021, the UK reported a cumulative total of 7 confirmed cases of monkeypox, of which imported cases all had a history of travel to Nigeria and limited recurrent transmission

Monkeypox outbreak in 2022

Since May 2022, monkeypox outbreaks have been reported in 23 countries around the world, including the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, the United States and Canada, affecting Europe, North America, South America, Oceania (Australia) and Asia (UAE).

The outbreak in many countries shows that monkeypox virus has been transmitted from person to person, mainly in clusters of gay men and men, which requires dynamic and close attention and analysis of infection and epidemic situation

According to the monkeypox epidemic statistics released by the World Health Organization on August 31, the cumulative number of confirmed cases of monkeypox worldwide reached 50,496, and the cumulative number of deaths was 16

Statistics from the CDC of the United States on September 3 local time show that the global number of monkeypox cases reached 53,027, involving 100 countries and regions

Monkeypox

Monkeypox virus is a double-stranded DNA virus with a total length of about 197 kb, belonging to the genus orthophoccimum of the viridae family, the virus is easy to artificially culture, and can grow well in cells from humans, monkeys, mice, rabbits and other sources and in the allantouria membrane of chicken embryos and causing cell lesions

Infection

The main reservoirs of monkeypox virus are African rodents (African squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian kangaroos, sleeping mice, etc.

Route of transmission

The virus invades the body

It is spread mainly from person to person through close contact, but also through droplets in long-term close contact, and it can also be infected with virus-contaminated items, and it can also be transmitted from pregnant women to fetuses

Crowd susceptibility

Previously vaccinated against smallpox has a degree of cross-protection against monkeypox virus, so people who have not been vaccinated against smallpox are generally susceptible

Clinical manifestations

The incubation period is 5-21 days, mostly 6-13 days
.

Prodromal symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, drowsiness, fatigue, back pain, and myalgia are present in the early stages of fever
.
90% of patients present with significant superficial lymphadenopathy such as neck, armpits, and groin
.

A rash
appears 1-3 days after the onset of the disease.
It first appears on the face and gradually spreads to the extremities, palms of the hands, and feet
.

Monkeypox viruses are resistant to dryness and low temperatures and can survive for months
on soil, scabs and covers.
The virus is heat sensitive and can be inactivated by heating to 56 °C for 30 minutes or 60 °C for 10 minutes, and can be inactivated
by ultraviolet light and general disinfectants.
Sensitive to sodium hypochlorite, chloroxylenol, glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde
.

disinfect

Hand disinfection

It is recommended to rub your hands with a hand disinfectant for disinfection, or you can choose disinfectants
such as 75% ethanol and hydrogen peroxide.

Disinfection of the environment and surfaces of objects

Choose to wipe, spray or soak disinfectants such as chlorine-containing disinfectants, chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and other disinfectants
.

Disinfection of textiles such as clothing and bed linen

You can choose from thermal disinfection, chlorine-containing disinfectant or quaternary ammonium disinfectant immersion
.

Due to the presence of cross-immunization, smallpox vaccination prevents monkeypox
.
Domestic non-replicating vaccines are under development
.

Resources:

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