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    Home > Medical News > Medical World News > There is no future for hepatitis.

    There is no future for hepatitis.

    • Last Update: 2020-08-28
    • Source: Internet
    • Author: User
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    Wen . . . Eastwards, July 28 is World Hepatitis Day, established by the World Health Organization (WHO), which dates from the birthday of Baruch Samuel Blumberg, the discoverer of the hepatitis B virus.
    As the discovery of the hepatitis B virus kicked off the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of viral hepatitis pathogens, WHO began to mark Blumberg's birthday as World Hepatitis Day in 2011 to commemorate his outstanding contribution to the field of hepatitis.
    the main purpose of the WHO's establishment of this anniversary is to raise awareness of viral hepatitis in order to curb the spread and spread of viral hepatitis around the world.
    its annual thematic activities to promote awareness of hepatitis.
    is now the 10th World Hepatitis Day, with the theme "A Future Without Hepatitis" focusing on the prevention of hepatitis B among mothers and newborns.
    1. World Hepatitis Day 2020 Source: WHO Official Website Hepatitis is a general term for liver inflammation.
    usually refers to a variety of pathogenic factors, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, chemical poisons, drugs, alcohol, autoimmune factors caused by the destruction of liver cells, liver function is impaired, resulting in a series of physical discomfort symptoms, as well as abnormal liver function indicators.
    in everyday life, we usually refer to hepatitis as viral hepatitis.
    including hepatitis A, B, C, D and E, respectively, caused by the hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis E virus, are contagious.
    Hepatitis A and its drug (including vaccine) Development Status Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which is usually transmitted through fecal-oral transmission, i.e. through human-to-human contact or intake of contaminated food or water, which is closely associated with unsafe water or food, poor sanitation, poor hygiene practices and oral-anal behaviour.
    unlike hepatitis B and C, almost every person infected with hepatitis A can fully recover and be immunized for life, and a very small number of infected people die from acute liver failure.
    7,134 people worldwide died of hepatitis A in 2016 (0.5 percent of viral hepatitis mortality), according to the WHO.
    incubation period for hepatitis A is usually 14-28 days.
    symptoms may be severe and may include fever, discomfort, loss of appetite, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark urine and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
    but not everyone infected will develop all symptoms, especially for children under 6 years of age, it is generally no obvious symptoms, only 10% of people with jaundice.
    that anyone who has not been infected or vaccinated before may be infected with the hepatitis A virus.
    for now, there is no specific treatment for hepatitis A.
    that improving sanitation, ensuring food safety and vaccination are the most effective ways to combat the disease, according to existing technologies.
    Figure 2. The current status of the development of hepatitis A drugs (including vaccines) is based on the drug transfer database query, there are currently 29 hepatitis A vaccines listed or under study worldwide, of which 19 have been approved for listing, 6 are in phase III of clinical (including terminated), 3 are in phase I of clinical (including termination), and 1 is in the stage of clinical application.
    millions of people around the world have been vaccinated against hepatitis A, according to the WHO.
    as of May 2019, 34 countries had used or planned to use or incorporate the hepatitis A vaccine in routine immunization of children in specific populations at risk.
    Hepatitis B and its drugs (including vaccines) Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen and other body fluids;
    unlike hepatitis A, hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection.
    The WHO estimates that 257 million people suffered from chronic hepatitis B infection (defined as hepatitis B surface antigen-positive) in 2015;
    found that the hepatitis B virus can survive at least seven days in vitro, and if someone comes into contact with the virus during that time it can still cause infection.
    of hepatitis B virus is an average of 75 days, which can be detected within 30 to 60 days of infection and can persist and develop into chronic hepatitis B.
    Most people have no symptoms when they are newly infected with the hepatitis B virus, but some people develop acute conditions that can last for several weeks, including yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain

    a small number of patients with acute hepatitis develop acute liver failure, which in turn can lead to death.
    hepatitis B virus may cause chronic liver infection in some people and may later develop cirrhosis (liver throes) or liver cancer.
    currently, there is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B.
    And for chronic hepatitis B infection, can be treated with antiviral drugs, through such treatment can delay the development of cirrhosis, reduce the incidence of liver cancer, this treatment only inhibits viral replication, and can not cure hepatitis B infection.
    , most patients who start receiving treatment for hepatitis B must take the drug for life.
    3. The current status of the development of hepatitis B drugs (including vaccines) is based on the drug transfer database, there are currently 391 hepatitis B drugs (including vaccines) that are listed or studied (including termination) worldwide.
    Of these, 146 have been approved for listing (including withdrawal), 7 are in the BLA application phase, 32 are in phase III (including termination), 89 are in phase II (including terminated), 81 are in phase I clinical (including terminated), 6 are in the clinical application phase and 10 are unknown.
    in the existing hepatitis B treatment drugs, the current more widely used are entikave (ETV), fumaic acid tynofov dipyridine (TDF), fuma acid propofol tynofowe (TAF) and so on.
    ETV is a cyclopropyl ostrich nucleoside analogy that works by inhibiting the physiological function of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) polyenzyme.
    The drug was originally used in research to treat herpes simplex virus infection, but the study found that it had only moderate inhibition of the herpes virus and stopped the study;
    Entikave can be phosphorylated into an active triphosphate in the body, which can inhibit viral polyenzymes by competing with the natural substrate of HBV polyenzyme, triphosphate deoxybirdine nucleosides (reverse transcription) (1) the initiation of HBV polyenzymes, (2) the formation of negative chains of pre-genome mRNA reverse transcription, and (3) the synthesis of positive chains of HBVDNA; and thus its anti-hepatitis B virus.
    Fumaic acid trinofovir dipydrinate (TDF) is a ring-free 5'-monophosphate adenosine analogant, with broad-spectrum antiviral effect, can inhibit HIV-1, HIV-2 transcriptase and HBV enzyme polymerization, thereby inhibiting viral replication, is currently widely used in AIDS and hepatitis acetic treatment.
    In the body, fumaic acid tynofovir didroxide is hydrolyzed into tynofovir, which phosphorylates into a pharmacologically active metabolite, dinofovir diphosphate, which can compete with 5'-triphosphate deoxygenated adenosine and participate in the synthesis of viral DNA, resulting in an extension of viral DNA due to a lack of 3'OH," thereby inhibiting viral replication.
    Fuma acid propofol tynofovir (TAF), like TDF, is an upgraded version of fumaic acid tynofovir difovir, compared to the latter, the clinical dose of propofol for nofovir is smaller, and easier to enter the cells to play the role of the drug, and its antiviral efficacy is stronger, adverse reactions are reduced.
    4. ETV, TDF and TAF molecular structures are used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection, and WHO recommends that tynofovir or entikavir be used as the most effective drug to suppress HBV, as these two drugs rarely lead to resistance, have minimal side effects, and are easy to take (one tablet per day) compared to other antiviral drugs.
    that since hepatitis B cannot be cured at this stage, prevention is extremely important, and the focus of this World Hepatitis Day is on the prevention of hepatitis B in mothers and newborns.
    hepatitis B vaccine is the main prevention method, there are many hepatitis B vaccine on the market.
    Hepatitis C and its drugs (including vaccines) The development of hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is transmitted mainly through blood and can also be transmitted sexually and can be transmitted from infected mothers to their infants, which is not common.
    hepatitis C virus can cause acute or chronic infections.
    Statistics show that about 30 per cent (15-45 per cent) of those infected can remove the virus on their own within six months of infection without any treatment, and the remaining 70 per cent (55-85 per cent) of those infected develop chronic HBVIR infection, with a 15 to 30 per cent risk of cirrhosis within 20 years.
    WHO estimates that around 71 million people worldwide are infected with the chronic hepatitis C virus, and like the hepatitis B virus, many people with chronic hepatitis C virus infection develop cirrhosis or liver cancer.
    WHO counts that about 399,000 people died of hepatitis C in 2016, mainly due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (primary liver cancer).
    Hepatitis C has an incubation period of two to six months, and acute symptoms that may occur after infection include fever, general weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, lighter color of the urinary tract, joint soreness and jaundice (skin and white yellowing of the eyes).
    it is worth noting that since new infections with HBD are usually asymptomatic, few people are diagnosed during the new infection period, even when severe liver damage occurs more than a decade after infection.
    for now, new infections of HBD do not always require treatment because the body's immune system can remove the infection directly.
    but treatment is needed when the infection turns into a chronic infection, and for chronic hepatitis C infection, there are drugs necessary to treat it directly.
    5. The current status of the development of hepatitis C drugs (including vaccines) is based on the drug transfer database, there are currently 356 hepatitis C drugs (including vaccines) that are currently on the market worldwide or are being studied (including termination).
    Of these, 86 have been approved for listing (including withdrawal), 2 are in the NDA application phase, 3 are in the BLA application phase, 19 are in phase III (including termination), 124 are in phase II (including terminated), 95 are in phase I clinical (including terminated), and 11 are unknown in phase III.
    treatment for chronic hepatitis C infection, WHO recommends generic genotype direct-acting antiviral therapy (DAAs), which can cure most people infected with hepatitis C virus.
    the treatment is a daily cocktail therapy made up of Gilead's hepatitis C star drug Sofibwe and another antiviral drug, Vipatavi.
    studies have found that the replication of HCV involves three important drug targets: (1) NS3/4A proteases: related to HCV polyprotein transcription processing;
    6. Among the molecular structures of Sofibwe and Vipatavi, Sofibwe belongs to the NS5B polymerase inhibitor, which is metabolized into a urinating triphosphate analogant in the body, which can participate in the synthesis of the newborn viral RNA chain, and the NS5B polymerase required for HB virus replication is competitively combined, replacing the true "nucleotide" required for viral replication with a false "nucleoside" to form the wrong viral RNA template, which can eventually lead to the early termination of the viral RNA chain.
    vipatavi is a generic genotype NS5A inhibitor that can also be involved in the suppression of viral replication.
    in the prevention of hepatitis C, there is currently no effective vaccine against hepatitis C, and a vaccine in this area is still under development.
    of hepatitis odysse and its drugs (including vaccines) is an acute and chronic liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HDV), which relies mainly on the hepatitis B virus for its own replication.
    the same route of transmission as the hepatitis B virus, mainly through transderm or sexual contact with infected blood or blood products.
    hepatitis B virus is considered to be the most serious form of chronic viral hepatitis because it accelerates the development of liver-related deaths and hepatocellular carcinoma.
    Ho estimates that about 5 per cent of people living with chronic hepatitis B virus worldwide are infected with the virus, and a total of about 15 to 20 million people are infected with the virus (this figure is incomplete because the prevalence of the virus is not reported in many countries).
    For the time being, current guidelines for the treatment of hepatitis butyl generally recommend the use of polyethyl glycol interferon alpha for at least 48 weeks;
    and control of hepatitis B virus infection can be effectively prevented from spreading hepatitis B virus.
    7. The current status of the development of hepatitis C drugs (including vaccines) is based on the drug transfer database, and there are currently seven hepatitis C drugs (including vaccines) that are currently on the market worldwide or are being studied (including termination).
    of these, 1 has been approved for listing, 1 is in the NDA application phase, 3 is in Phase III clinical, 1 is in Phase II of Clinical, and 1 is in Phase I of Clinical.
    hepatitis E and its drugs (including vaccines) developed as a liver disease caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV),
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