echemi logo
Product
  • Product
  • Supplier
  • Inquiry
    Home > Active Ingredient News > Drugs Articles > Thirteen departments: develop service industries such as technology transfer and intellectual property rights, and accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements

    Thirteen departments: develop service industries such as technology transfer and intellectual property rights, and accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements

    • Last Update: 2021-03-26
    • Source: Internet
    • Author: User
    Search more information of high quality chemicals, good prices and reliable suppliers, visit www.echemi.com

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'>

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> IPRdaily News: Recently, 13 departments including the National Development and Reform Commission jointly issued opinions on accelerating the high-quality development of the manufacturing service industry.
    The opinion pointed out that

    IPRdaily News: IPRdaily News: Recently, 13 departments including the National Development and Reform Commission jointly issued opinions on accelerating the high-quality development of the manufacturing service industry.
    The opinion pointed out that the National Development and Reform Commission

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'>


    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (3) Enhance manufacturing innovation capabilities.


    Develop scientific and technological service industries such as research and development, technology transfer, entrepreneurial incubation, intellectual property rights, and technology consulting, strengthen key core technology research, accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, consolidate the foundation for collaborative innovation of industry, university and research, and promote the precise docking and in-depth integration of the industrial chain and the innovation chain.
    Enhance the technological innovation capability of the manufacturing industry, improve the advanced level of the manufacturing industry base and the modernization of the industrial chain and supply chain.


    (3) Enhance manufacturing innovation capabilities.



    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'>


    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box ;'> Opinions on accelerating the high-quality development of the manufacturing service industry

    Opinions on accelerating the high-quality development of the manufacturing service industry Opinions
    on accelerating the high-quality development of the manufacturing service industry

    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box ;'>


    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box ;'> Development and Reform Industry (2021) No.


    372

    Development and Reform Industry (2021) No.
    372

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'>
    All provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities under separate state planning, and relevant departments of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps:


    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> The manufacturing service industry is a productive service industry for the manufacturing industry.


    It is an important support for enhancing the competitiveness and comprehensive strength of manufacturing products, and promoting the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry and high-quality development.
    At present, the supply quality of my country's manufacturing service industry is not high, and the degree of specialization and socialization is insufficient.
    The role of leading the manufacturing value chain to climb is not obvious, and there is still a gap between the requirements of building a modern economic system and achieving high-quality economic development.
    In order to accelerate the high-quality development of the manufacturing service industry, the following opinions are hereby put forward.


    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> 1.


    General requirements

    1.
    General requirements 1.
    General requirements

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (1) Guiding ideology.
    Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, fully implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Plenary Sessions of the 19th Central Committee, unswervingly implement the new development concept, and promote high-quality development.
    The theme is to deepen supply-side structural reforms, give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, better play the role of the government, focus on key areas and key links, cultivate and expand service entities, and accelerate the promotion of manufacturing specialization and Socialization and comprehensive service capabilities, improving the overall quality and level of the manufacturing industry chain, adapting to high-quality supplies to lead the creation of new demands, in order to accelerate the construction of a modern economic system, and accelerate the construction of a domestic large cycle as the main body, and domestic and international dual cycles promote each other Provide strong support for the new development pattern of China.

    (1) Guiding ideology.

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (2) Development goals.
    Strive to see that by 2025, the role of the manufacturing service industry in improving the quality and efficiency of manufacturing, innovation capabilities, and resource allocation efficiency will be significantly enhanced, and its role in supporting and leading the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry will be more prominent.
    The development level of specialization, standardization, branding, digitalization and internationalization of the manufacturing service industry in key areas has been significantly improved, and a group of manufacturing service industry clusters and demonstration enterprises with distinctive characteristics and outstanding advantages have been formed.

    (2) Development goals.

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> 2.
    Development direction of manufacturing service industry

    2.
    Development direction of manufacturing service industry 2.
    Development direction of manufacturing service industry

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> Focus on key links and areas, accelerate the development of the manufacturing service industry from six aspects, and lead the transformation, upgrading and quality improvement of the manufacturing industry with high-quality service supply.

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (3) Enhance manufacturing innovation capabilities.
    Develop scientific and technological service industries such as research and development, technology transfer, entrepreneurial incubation, intellectual property rights, and technology consulting, strengthen key core technology research, accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, consolidate the foundation for collaborative innovation of industry, university and research, and promote the precise docking and in-depth integration of the industrial chain and the innovation chain.
    Enhance the technological innovation capability of the manufacturing industry, improve the advanced level of the manufacturing industry base and the modernization of the industrial chain and supply chain.
    Improve the professionalization and digitization of business consulting, help manufacturing companies to establish strategic thinking, innovate management models, optimize governance structures, and promote the improvement of operating efficiency.
    Accelerate the innovation and development of industrial design, improve the design capabilities and level of manufacturing, and promote the transformation of China's manufacturing to China's creation.
    (The Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce, and the Intellectual Property Office are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

    (3) Enhance manufacturing innovation capabilities.
    (3) Enhance manufacturing innovation capabilities.
    Develop scientific and technological service industries such as research and development, technology transfer, entrepreneurial incubation, intellectual property rights, and technology consulting, strengthen key core technology research, accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, consolidate the foundation for collaborative innovation of industry, university and research, and promote the precise docking and in-depth integration of the industrial chain and the innovation chain.
    Enhance the technological innovation capability of the manufacturing industry, improve the advanced level of the manufacturing industry base and the modernization of the industrial chain and supply chain.
    Improve the professionalization and digitization of business consulting, help manufacturing companies to establish strategic thinking, innovate management models, optimize governance structures, and promote the improvement of operating efficiency.
    Accelerate the innovation and development of industrial design, improve the design capabilities and level of manufacturing, and promote the transformation of China's manufacturing to China's creation.
    (The Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce, and the Intellectual Property Office are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'>


    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (4) Optimize the supply quality of the manufacturing industry.


    Support enterprises and professional institutions to provide quality management, control, evaluation and other services, expand the supply of high-quality products and services in the manufacturing industry, and improve the adaptability of the supply system to demand.
    Accelerate the marketization, internationalization, specialization, intensive and standardized reform and development of the inspection, testing and certification service industry, improve service levels and credibility, promote the construction of a national inspection, testing and certification public service platform, and promote the improvement of the quality of manufacturing products and services.


    (4) Optimize the supply quality of the manufacturing industry.


    (5) Improving the production efficiency of the manufacturing industry

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (6) Support the green development of the manufacturing industry.


    (6) Support the green development of the manufacturing industry.


    (7) Enhance the vitality of manufacturing development.


    (8) Promote innovative applications in the manufacturing supply chain.


    3.


    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (9) Cultivation of the main body of the manufacturing service industry.
    Focusing on the common service needs of the manufacturing industry, accelerate the cultivation of a group of comprehensive service platforms that integrate strategic consulting, management optimization, solution innovation, and digital capability building.
    Support manufacturing enterprises to divest non-core services in accordance with the principle of marketization, and provide socialized and professional services such as R&D and design, entrepreneurial incubation, measurement and testing, inspection and testing for upstream and downstream enterprises in the industrial chain.
    Encourage manufacturing service companies to carry out mergers and acquisitions and reorganizations in accordance with market principles to achieve intensive and brand-based development.
    Cultivate a number of new industrial service platforms or social organizations in the manufacturing service industry, and encourage them to carry out activities such as collaborative research and development, resource sharing, and application of results.
    (The National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

    (9) Cultivation of the main body of manufacturing service industry.

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (10) Pilot demonstration actions for integrated development.
    Promote in-depth pilot projects for the integrated development of advanced manufacturing and modern service industries, cultivate new business models and new models such as service-derived manufacturing, supply chain management, and general contracting, and explore new paths for the integration and development of key industries such as raw materials, consumer goods, and equipment manufacturing with the service industry .
    Further improve the working mechanism of factor allocation, market supervision, statistical monitoring, etc.
    , and build a batch of deeply integrated enterprises and platforms.
    Select and cultivate a group of service-oriented manufacturing demonstration enterprises, platforms, projects and cities, and promote the general recognition of service-oriented manufacturing concepts and the in-depth development of the main service-oriented manufacturing models.
    (The National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Bureau of Statistics are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

    (10) Pilot demonstration actions for integrated development.

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (11) Cultivation of Chinese-made brands.
    Improve the national quality infrastructure, strengthen the standards, measurement, patent and other systems and capacity building, and carry out in-depth quality improvement actions.
    Fully mobilize the subjective initiative of enterprises as the main body of brand building, establish a quality-based brand development strategy, continuously optimize the supply of products and services, and promote manufacturing enterprises to improve their quality management level.
    Continue to organize the China Brand Day activities, tell the story of Chinese brands, promote and promote domestic products, further spread the concept of brand development in the whole society, enhance brand development awareness, and build consensus on brand development.
    (The State Administration for Market Regulation, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce, and the Intellectual Property Office are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

    (11) Cultivation of Chinese-made brands.
    (11) Cultivation of Chinese-made brands.
    Improve the national quality infrastructure, strengthen the standards, measurement, patent and other systems and capacity building, and carry out in-depth quality improvement actions.
    Fully mobilize the subjective initiative of enterprises as the main body of brand building, establish a quality-based brand development strategy, continuously optimize the supply of products and services, and promote manufacturing enterprises to improve their quality management level.
    Continue to organize the China Brand Day activities, tell the story of Chinese brands, promote and promote domestic products, further spread the concept of brand development in the whole society, enhance brand development awareness, and build consensus on brand development.
    (The State Administration for Market Regulation, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce, and the Intellectual Property Office are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (12) Intelligent transformation of manufacturing industry.
    Formulate a roadmap for digital transformation in key industries.
    Promptly develop the urgently needed standards such as the maturity of the integration of the two technologies and the digitalization of the supply chain, and accelerate the pace of cloud use for industrial equipment and enterprises.
    Implement a special action for digital empowerment of small and medium-sized enterprises, and gather a group of digital service providers for small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises.
    Promote the “5G+Industrial Internet” 512 project, build 5 public service platforms for intranet construction and transformation, select 10 key industries, and explore 20 typical application scenarios.
    In key areas such as metallurgy, petrochemicals, automobiles, and home appliances, select a batch of smart manufacturing benchmark factories with outstanding implementation results and great replication and promotion value, speed up the formulation of a roadmap for smart manufacturing implementation by industry, and revise and improve the national smart manufacturing standard system.
    Carry out the implementation of network security capabilities of networked manufacturing enterprises, and select a batch of standard implementation demonstration enterprises.
    (The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Development and Reform Commission, and the State Administration for Market Supervision are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

    (12) Intelligent transformation of manufacturing industry.

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (13) Actions to improve manufacturing R&D and design capabilities.
    Promote the healthy and orderly development of new R&D institutions, support technology companies to cooperate with universities and scientific research institutions to establish new R&D institutions such as technology R&D centers, industrial research institutes, and pilot test bases, activate and integrate innovative resources, and promote collaborative innovation of industry, university, and research.
    Vigorously promote the popularization of the concepts and methods of system design, green design and creative design, carry out key design breakthrough projects in high-end equipment manufacturing and traditional advantageous industries, cultivate a number of national and provincial industrial design research platforms, and highlight design innovation and creative parks The comprehensive stimulating effect on economic and social development, exploring the establishment of a design enabling mechanism with innovation as the core, and promoting the overall improvement of manufacturing design capabilities.
    (The Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Development and Reform Commission are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

    (13) Actions to improve manufacturing R&D and design capabilities.

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (14) Green transformation of the manufacturing industry.
    Carry out the construction of green industry demonstration bases, build a green development promotion platform, cultivate a group of market entities with independent intellectual property rights and professional service capabilities , and promote the greening of steel, petrochemical, chemical, non-ferrous, building materials, textile, paper, leather and other industries Level.
    Actively build a home appliance sales and waste home appliance recycling and processing industry chain, explore the implementation of the extended goal system for producer responsibility for home appliance enterprises, study and carry out resource and environmental performance evaluation of waste electrical and electronic products dismantling enterprises, and promote the renewal and consumption of home appliances.
    (The National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

    (14) Green transformation of the manufacturing industry.
    Cultivate a group of market entities with independent intellectual property rights and professional service capabilities

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (15) Innovative development actions of the manufacturing supply chain.
    Explore the implementation of the manufacturing supply chain competitiveness improvement project, gradually improve the key supporting systems of the strategic emerging industry supply chain, and consolidate the competitiveness of the core links of the manufacturing supply chain.
    Carry out a comprehensive assessment of the coordination, safety, stability, and competitiveness of the manufacturing supply chain, and study and draw a panorama of the supply chain of key manufacturing industries based on domestic and international industrial cycles.
    Encourage enterprises to actively participate in the global supply chain network and establish a global supply chain risk warning system for important resources and products.
    Study the national manufacturing supply chain security plan and establish a global supply chain risk early warning evaluation index system.
    (The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Commerce are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

    (15) Innovative development actions of the manufacturing supply chain.

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (16) Actions for the establishment of a standard system for the manufacturing service industry.
    In-depth implementation of standardization construction actions in the service fields of information technology, science and technology innovation services, financial services, service outsourcing, after-sales service, human resources services, modern logistics, modern supply chains, facility management, etc.
    , to promote the gradual improvement of the manufacturing service industry standard system.
    Continue to improve common standards such as the industrial Internet logo analysis system, network interconnection, edge computing, data specification system and industrial APP, and support the formulation of mandatory national standards for technical requirements related to safety, health and environmental protection.
    (The State Administration for Market Regulation, the Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Commerce, the People's Bank of China and other departments are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

    (16) Actions for the establishment of a standard system for the manufacturing service industry.

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (17) Measures to improve the measurement capability of the manufacturing industry.
    Establish a national modern advanced measurement system, accelerate the construction of national industrial measurement and test centers and alliances, cultivate high-tech manufacturing service industries such as measurement and testing, focus on the "untestable and inaccurate" problem in manufacturing, strengthen research and application of measurement and test technology, and increase The research and development of special measurement and test equipment and instrumentation will improve the overall measurement capability and level of the manufacturing industry, and empower the innovation and high-quality development of the manufacturing industry.
    (The State Administration for Market Regulation, the Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Ministry of Science and Technology are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

    (17) Measures to improve the measurement capability of the manufacturing industry.

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> Four, safeguard measures

    4.
    Safeguard measures 4.
    Safeguard measures

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (18) Strengthen organizational guarantees.
    Give full play to the role of the inter-ministerial joint conference system for service industry development, and strengthen overall coordination and work guidance.
    All regions and relevant departments should strengthen their main responsibilities, form a joint force, refine actual work tasks and completion time limits, establish an efficient and coordinated work promotion mechanism, and ensure that the development of the manufacturing service industry achieves tangible results.
    (The National Development and Reform Commission takes the lead)

    (18) Strengthen organizational guarantees.

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (19) Optimize the development environment.
    Continue to relax market access to further break down hidden barriers.
    Support manufacturing service enterprises that have been spun off from manufacturing enterprises to apply for recognition as high-tech enterprises and technologically advanced service enterprises in accordance with regulations.
    Encourage manufacturing service companies to actively undertake offshore and onshore service outsourcing businesses.
    (The National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Science and Technology, and the Ministry of Commerce are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

    (19) Optimize the development environment.

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (20) Expand opening up and cooperation.
    Promote a new round of high-level opening up of the service industry, actively introduce global high-quality service resources, and encourage the import of knowledge and technology-intensive services such as R&D and design, energy conservation and environmental protection, and environmental services.
    Actively promote my country's technical quality standards and norms to go global, continue to improve the international cooperation and exchange system for inspection, testing and certification and accreditation, and accelerate the mutual recognition of certification certificates and inspection results with key export markets.
    Focusing on the construction of the “Belt and Road”, encourage professional services such as supply chain management, consulting, law, accounting and manufacturing to go global in coordination with the manufacturing industry, and enhance the ability to allocate resources in the global service market.
    (The National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the Ministry of Justice, and the Ministry of Finance are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

    (20) Expand opening up and cooperation.

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (21) Strengthen land security.
    Based on actual conditions, localities can clarify the land use structure and industrial land use indicators in the national land and space planning based on the principle of "stock first, then increase".
    Under the premise of complying with national land and space planning and use control, promote the rational conversion of different types of industrial land, explore to increase the supply of mixed industrial land, and encourage localities to explore innovative industrial land models to adapt to the development of the manufacturing service industry.
    (The Ministry of Natural Resources takes the lead)

    (21) Strengthen land security.

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> (22) Strengthen talent support.
    Speed ​​up the training and training of innovative, application-oriented and compound talents in the manufacturing service field, and enrich and expand the high-level manufacturing service industry talent team.
    Keep up with the development trend and market demand of the manufacturing service industry, deepen the construction of new engineering disciplines, adjust and optimize the professional structure of colleges and universities, strengthen school-enterprise cooperation, explore the apprenticeship system with Chinese characteristics, and promote the in-depth integration of production and education.
    Summarize and promote the pilot experience of the academic certificate + several vocational skill level certificates ("1+X" certificate) system.
    Improve the evaluation system of skilled talents, promote the close integration of talent evaluation and use, break the restrictions of identity and academic qualifications, and penetrate the career development channel of talents in the manufacturing service industry.
    Further implement the high-level talent introduction policy, and increase the introduction of high-level talents and leading entrepreneurial and innovative teams in the overseas manufacturing service industry.
    (The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the Ministry of Education, and the Development and Reform Commission are responsible according to the division of responsibilities)

    ()。+(“1+X”)。,,、,。

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> ()。、,,,、,,、、,,。、。(、、、)

    ()。、

    544px;text-align:justify;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-sizing:border-box ;'> ()。,,、,。,,。,、、,,、、。(、)

    ()。

    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box ;'>


    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box ;'>

    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box ;'>     

    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box ;'>     

    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box ;'>

    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box ;'>     

    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box ;'>

    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box ;'>

    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box ;'>

    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box ;'>

    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box ;'>     

    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box ;'>    

    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box ;'>

    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box ;'>    

    544px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;text-align:right;box-sizing:border-box ;'> 2021316

    This article is an English version of an article which is originally in the Chinese language on echemi.com and is provided for information purposes only. This website makes no representation or warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness ownership or reliability of the article or any translations thereof. If you have any concerns or complaints relating to the article, please send an email, providing a detailed description of the concern or complaint, to service@echemi.com. A staff member will contact you within 5 working days. Once verified, infringing content will be removed immediately.

    Contact Us

    The source of this page with content of products and services is from Internet, which doesn't represent ECHEMI's opinion. If you have any queries, please write to service@echemi.com. It will be replied within 5 days.

    Moreover, if you find any instances of plagiarism from the page, please send email to service@echemi.com with relevant evidence.