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Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are primarily located in the plasma membrane of animal cells, but are also found in association with intracellular organelles (1 ,2 ) GSLs consist of two structural elements: a lipophilic membrane anchor, the ceramide portion, which is formed by a long chain aminoalcohol and a fatty acid, and a hydrophilic carbohydrate moiety, which protrudes from the cell surface. Structures and functions of GSLs have been widely reviewed (3 –8 ). They are divided into three main classes: neutral GSLs and acidic sialic acid-and sulfate-containing GSLs, the gangliosides and the sulfatides, respectively. Most GSLs can be grouped into one of four main structural families: the ganglio-, globo-, lacto-, and/or neolacto-series. Structures of neutral GSLs and gangliosides used in this protocol are listed in Tables 1 and 2 , respectively. Their nomenclature follows the IUPAC-IUB recommendations (9 ) and the nomenclature of Svennerholm (10 ). Sialic acids are designated according to the suggestions of Reuter and Schauer (11 ).
Table 1Structures of Neutral GSLs
Glycosphingolipid | Structure |
---|---|
LacCer | Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer |
GgOse3 Cer | GaINAcβ1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer |
GgOse4 Cer | Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer |
GgOse3 Cer | Galα1-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer |
GbOse4 Cer | GalNAcβ1-3Galα1-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer |
Forssman GSL | GalNAcα1-3GalNAcβ1-3Galα1-3Galβ1-4Galβ1-1Cer |
LcOse3 Cer | GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer |
nLcOse4 Cer | Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer |
nLcOse6 Cer | Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer |
Table 2Structures of Gangliosides
Ganglioside a | Structure |
---|---|
GM3 | II3 Neu5Ac-LacCer |
GM1 | II3 Neu5Ac-GgOse4 Cer |
GD1a | IV3 Neu5Ac, II3 Neu5Ac-GgOse4 Cer |
GD1b | II3 (Neu5Ac)2 -GgOse4 Cer |
GT1b | IV3 Neu5Ac,II3 (Neu5Ac)2 -GgOse4 Cer |
a Only gangliosides with Neu5Ac-substitution are shown