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Mammals can adapt to environmental changes by temporarily raising or lowering their body temperature to meet specific environmental and physiological challenges.
For example, in hibernation, mice keep cold to reduce energy consumption.
Fear and anger can also cause rapid changes in body temperature.
The acquired fear causes an increase in core body temperature and a decrease in the skin temperature of the tail and soles of the feet.
In the congenital fear scene, the rat's body temperature increased after seeing a ferret or smelling the urine of a fox.
However, it causes hypothermia in the body under conditions of hypoxia and chronic stress.
2MT (2-methyl-2-thiazoline) is a potent fox-scented analogue of TMT (2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thiazoline) that can induce a strong fear behavior response in mice.
The transient receptor potential channel TRPA1 is the chemoreceptor of 2MT and TMT, and the trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons expressing Trpa1 play a key role in the congenital fear induced by 2MT.
On May 11, 2021, Professor Qinghua Liu from the School of Life Sciences at Tsinghua University and Katsuyasu Sakurai from the University of Tsukuba in Japan published an article in the journal Nature Communications, revealing that the lateral parabrachial subnucleus regulates hypothermia caused by congenital fear.
Researchers found that the skin temperature and core body temperature of wild-type mice decreased to varying degrees after 2MT after smelling the odor of natural enemies, but the tail temperature increased.
However, the body temperature of Trpa1 body parts was sniffed in Trpa1 knockout mice.
There is almost no change, which indicates that hypothermia in mice caused by congenital fear depends on Trpa1.Through immunofluorescence experiments, wild-type mice were found to activate a large number of neurons in the posterior subthalamic nucleus (PSTh), lateral parabrachial subnucleus (PBel) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) after smelling 2MT, while Trpa1 was knocked out Neuronal activation in these brain regions is reduced in mice.
It shows that these brain regions are involved in hypothermia in mice caused by congenital fear.
Retrograde tracer virus revealed the upper brain area of NTS brain area.
They injected retrograde tracer virus into NTS brain area and found that there were retrograde projections in the brain areas such as PSTh, PBel, amygdala, and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
Among them, PSTh showed two cases.
"Most": The neurons with the largest number of projections, the projection neurons and the neurons activated by congenital fear have the highest overlap ratio.
Based on this result, the researchers will mainly study the PSTh-NTS neural circuit in the follow-up.
Inhibition of excitatory neurons in the PSTh brain area can significantly block the hypothermia caused by 2MT.
Further experiments have found that the neurons activated by 2MT in the PSTh brain area are mainly excitatory neurons (87%).
Chemical genetics technology chronically inhibits this type Neurons can obviously block hypothermia caused by 2MT.
In addition, light activation of the PSTh-NTS neural circuit can cause hypothermia in mice, and it can also block the hypothermia caused by 2MT after specifically inhibiting the neural circuit.
Light activation of the PSTh-NTS neural circuit can cause hypothermia in mice.
To further clarify the upstream brain area of PSTh, by injecting retrograde tracer virus, it was found that the PBel brain area is the neuron with the largest number of projections, and the neuron with the largest number of projections.
Neurons activated by congenital fear overlap the brain area with the highest proportion.
By capturing activated neuron population (CANE) technology, the 2MT activated neurons in the PBel brain area were marked, and the CANE-labeled neurons were reactivated with the tool of a viral vector to reduce the skin and core body temperature of mice.
Activating the PBel-PSTh neural circuit can also cause hypothermia in mice, and inhibiting the neural circuit can also block the hypothermia caused by 2MT.
In summary, this article uses optogenetics and chemical genetics techniques to reveal the mechanism by which the PBel-PSTh neural circuit regulates congenital fear and causes hypothermia symptoms.
[References] 1.
https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41467-021-22914-6, the pictures in the text are all from the reference original download link: https://pan.
baidu.
com/s/1r7bQdGq5Czm3hAtX3z005Q extraction code : 3viz
Mammals can adapt to environmental changes by temporarily raising or lowering their body temperature to meet specific environmental and physiological challenges.
For example, in hibernation, mice keep cold to reduce energy consumption.
Fear and anger can also cause rapid changes in body temperature.
The acquired fear causes an increase in core body temperature and a decrease in the skin temperature of the tail and soles of the feet.
In the congenital fear scene, the rat's body temperature increased after seeing a ferret or smelling the urine of a fox.
However, it causes hypothermia in the body under conditions of hypoxia and chronic stress.
2MT (2-methyl-2-thiazoline) is a potent fox-scented analogue of TMT (2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thiazoline) that can induce a strong fear behavior response in mice.
The transient receptor potential channel TRPA1 is the chemoreceptor of 2MT and TMT, and the trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons expressing Trpa1 play a key role in the congenital fear induced by 2MT.
On May 11, 2021, Professor Qinghua Liu from the School of Life Sciences at Tsinghua University and Katsuyasu Sakurai from the University of Tsukuba in Japan published an article in the journal Nature Communications, revealing that the lateral parabrachial subnucleus regulates hypothermia caused by congenital fear.
Researchers found that the skin temperature and core body temperature of wild-type mice decreased to varying degrees after 2MT after smelling the odor of natural enemies, but the tail temperature increased.
However, the body temperature of Trpa1 body parts was sniffed in Trpa1 knockout mice.
There is almost no change, which indicates that hypothermia in mice caused by congenital fear depends on Trpa1.Through immunofluorescence experiments, wild-type mice were found to activate a large number of neurons in the posterior subthalamic nucleus (PSTh), lateral parabrachial subnucleus (PBel) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) after smelling 2MT, while Trpa1 was knocked out Neuronal activation in these brain regions is reduced in mice.
It shows that these brain regions are involved in hypothermia in mice caused by congenital fear.
Retrograde tracer virus revealed the upper brain area of NTS brain area.
They injected retrograde tracer virus into NTS brain area and found that there were retrograde projections in the brain areas such as PSTh, PBel, amygdala, and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
Among them, PSTh showed two cases.
"Most": The neurons with the largest number of projections, the projection neurons and the neurons activated by congenital fear have the highest overlap ratio.
Based on this result, the researchers will mainly study the PSTh-NTS neural circuit in the follow-up.
Inhibition of excitatory neurons in the PSTh brain area can significantly block the hypothermia caused by 2MT.
Further experiments have found that the neurons activated by 2MT in the PSTh brain area are mainly excitatory neurons (87%).
Chemical genetics technology chronically inhibits this type Neurons can obviously block hypothermia caused by 2MT.
In addition, light activation of the PSTh-NTS neural circuit can cause hypothermia in mice, and it can also block the hypothermia caused by 2MT after specifically inhibiting the neural circuit.
Light activation of the PSTh-NTS neural circuit can cause hypothermia in mice.
To further clarify the upstream brain area of PSTh, by injecting retrograde tracer virus, it was found that the PBel brain area is the neuron with the largest number of projections, and the neuron with the largest number of projections.
Neurons activated by congenital fear overlap the brain area with the highest proportion.
By capturing activated neuron population (CANE) technology, the 2MT activated neurons in the PBel brain area were marked, and the CANE-labeled neurons were reactivated with the tool of a viral vector to reduce the skin and core body temperature of mice.
Activating the PBel-PSTh neural circuit can also cause hypothermia in mice, and inhibiting the neural circuit can also block the hypothermia caused by 2MT.
In summary, this article uses optogenetics and chemical genetics techniques to reveal the mechanism by which the PBel-PSTh neural circuit regulates congenital fear and causes hypothermia symptoms.
[References] 1.
https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41467-021-22914-6, the pictures in the text are all from the reference original download link: https://pan.
baidu.
com/s/1r7bQdGq5Czm3hAtX3z005Q extraction code : 3viz
