Two studies reveal complex communication between the nervous system and the immune system

In a new study, researchers from the Feinstein Institute of Medicine in the United States have revealed that the immune system and nervous system are interdependent in their response to any form of vaccinationMammals have long known to store memories in the nervous system and immune systemExploring whether the two systems work together in their responses to the --- of alien antigens --- marks a new scientific directionThe results were recently published in the preprint server bioRxiv, entitled "Antibody responses to immunization to the sensory neurons"3D images of theinfluenza virusPhoto from Center for Disease ControlIn the new study, led by DrKevin Tracey, the researchers found that antibody responses to vaccinations require sensory neuronsAs a result of their research, Tracey and his team suggested that there was an effective synergy between the two complex biological systems, providing a compelling new perspective that gave us a glimpse into areas we almost never dabbled in"The nervous system and immune system have many similar molecules and receptors,"Tracey saidHe points out that other teams of scientists are also beginning to realize how the two systems depend on each other"Multiple research teams are looking at how the two systems interact,"Tracey saidFor decades, for example, we have studied how acetylcholine, a typical neurotransmitter produced by neurons, is also produced by T cells ( a typical immune cell) and when acetylcholine is present, monocytes express acetylcholine receptors to inhibit cytokine productionWe think this finding may be a new mechanism for the nervous system to 'talk' to the immune system tracey and his colleagues have found for the first time that sensory neurons are necessary for antibody reaction They also found that activating these neurons enhances the production of antibodies Dr Aisling Tynan, lead author of the paper, said the findings add a new dimension to understanding the vaccination process "Currently, most people will receive multiple intensive vaccinations to achieve full immunization," Tynan said By exploring the neuroregulation of this process, we may be able to improve the success rate and effectiveness of vaccination However, Tynan notes that full immunity may be difficult to achieve even after receiving the recommended dose of vaccination a shocking finding in the new study is that the immune system's response is controlled by the neurons responsible for sending pain signals Tracey and his team also found that if these neurons were damaged, inflammation became common, leading to inflammatory diseases the researchers studied animal models, focusing on a particular group of neurons, more accurately known as sensory neurons that express TRPV1 "TRPV1 neurons are usually pain-sensing neurons that recognize heat and a variety of harmful irritants throughout the body, including the skin, joints, and gastrointestinal tract," Tracey said This is a startling finding: these neurons.. Antibodies are also produced and regulated He added, "Isacc Chiu and Cliff Woolf of Harvard Medical School have found that sensory neurons are involved in regulating inflammation during infection and in diseases such as psoriasis Our finding is that they also regulate immunity, which is surprising early December 2019, Dr Chiu suggested that it was time to expand understanding of how the nervous system and immune system work together The nervous system is not just a watchdog that detects danger and alerts the body Chiu says the nervous system is an active participant in the fight against infection Chiu and colleagues confirmed in a paper published in the journal Cell that the nervous system, along with the immune system, was better able to fight the bacteria in experimental mice infected with potentially deadly salmonella Neurons regulate the cell channels of the micro-wrinkle dysleins (microfold cells, M cells) that are strewn across the lymph nodes of the neuronal pylon, which determine whether the microbes enter or leave the small intestine Neurons also promote the presence of protective gut bacteria Tynan details her team's findings, highlighting how they provide new insights into the adaptive immune system, one of which is one , many species, including humans, have two immune systems: the congenital immune system and the adaptive immune system The congenital immune system is the immune system that exists at birth and is the first line of defense against invasive organisms that cause infection Congenital immune systems include physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes But there are some infected cells, such as macrophages that can devour an intruder congenital immune system is able to destroy intruders, but lacks "memory", i.e the mechanism by which intruders must remember when they invade again Without this ability, the body cannot react quickly when the pathogen reinfections adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system, develops over time When again infected with an alien antigen, it "remembers" that it had encountered such an intruder in the past Memory T cells are part of the adaptive immune system They attack such intruders in groups quickly based on the "memories" of past infections When exposed to foreign antigens again, memory B cells produce a powerful immune response, resulting in a large number of antibodies against invasive antigens tracey and Tynan, , say this adaptive immune response is based on communication between specific components of the central nervous system "This study shows that sensory neurons play a key role in producing specific antibody reactions," said Tynan This is the first time we have been able to confirm the interaction between the nervous system and the adaptive immune system Further research by our research team is expected to fully expand the role of neurons throughout the process of adaptive immune response References: 1.Aisling Tynan et al Antibody responses to immunization sss ss bioRXiv, 2019, doi:10.1101/860395 2 Nicole Y Lai et al Gut-Innervating Nociceptor Neurons Regulate Peyer's Patch Microfold Cells and SFB Levels to Mediate Salmonella Host Defense Cell, 2019, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.014 3.P3.Tapping on 'crosstalk': Communication tos iandi and nervous systems in the https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-12-eavesdropping-intimate-crosstalk-immune-nervous.html