Vaccines and viruses in the war epic.

The world is small, like a villageWherever the study of viral diseases is lost, it will be all mankind (Joshua Lederberg, winner of the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine)Since the beginning of 2020, the new coronavirus virus has swept the globe, with more than 10 million cases diagnosed worldwideThe World Health Organization's director-general, DrTan Desai, said there were 136,000 new cases a day on June 7 aloneHumans' war with viruses is a foot high or a one-foot-high1 The dangers of the virus to humanity In 1914 an international conflict involved most of Europe and Russia, the United States, the Middle East and other regions, known as the First World WarOn November 11, 1918, the 52-month-old First World War ended with the defeat of the Allies, with some 65 million people fighting, 10 million killed and 20 million injuredMore tragic than the war casualties were the "Spanish influenza" pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza virus near the end of World War I, which swept across the Americas, Europe, Asia and even the Eskimos, infecting more than 500 million people worldwide and killing 50-100 million people, far more than the death toll from World War IAccording to the United Nations news network, the World Health Organization Director-General Tan Desai said at an online press conference in Geneva on June 1, 2020, the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) today (1) announced a new outbreak of the Ebola virus near the city of Mbandaka in the north-western province of EquateurPreliminary information provided by the Ministry of Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is that six ebola cases have been detected so far, four of whom have diedAs monitoring activities increase, more people may be diagnosedThis is the 11th outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since the Ebola virus was first detected in 1976The Ebola outbreak that ravaged West Africa in 2014 killed more than 6,000 peopleBeginning in early 2020, the new coronavirus virus has swept the world, and by June 29, 2020, 10.13 million people have been confirmed worldwide (except China) and 500,000 deaths have been confirmed worldwide, with the largest cumulative number of confirmed cases in the United States, at 26 40,000, the cumulative death toll of 130,000; China is the first country to prevent and control the epidemic, the cumulative number of confirmed cases now reached 85,000, the existing number of more than 511 confirmed, of which about 318 people are after June 11, Beijing again a small outbreak of confirmed casesThe epidemic is a war without smoke, which has brought great impact to our economic life, social life and spiritual lifeFigure 1 Global, United States, China epidemic situation, as of 2020.6.29, screenshots from the Phoenix Network 2 vaccine origin and development vaccine is a milestone in the history of human medicine, the main means of human control of infectious diseases, is regarded as one of the greatest public health achievements of the 20th century As early as the Tang and Song periods, China has a record of the use of "vaccines" to prevent smallpox At that time, there were pox clothing method, pox slurry method, dry seedling method, water seedling method 4 kinds: (1) pox clothing method: to children wearing clothes carrying smallpox virus; Inside the nostrils of the subject scored; (3) The dry seedling method: blowing powdered dry skin into the nostrils of the inoculated subject; (4) Water seedling method: wrapping the pox powder with pox slurry, pinching into a nucleosome, stuffed into the nostrils These methods were gradually introduced into western countries through India and West Asia In the 18th century Britain was vaccinated against smallpox with cowpox, which ended the decades-old smallpox virus that threatened humans, and has since become an immune method in the human medicine From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, French scientist Pasteur invented the technology of detoxifying live vaccines, and developed rabies vaccines, cacao seedlings and other products that still extend to the present day Since the middle of the 20th century, polyglyceme protein binding vaccine, protein component vaccine, subunit vaccine, etc have become one of the important achievements in the history of vaccine development Beginning in the 1970s, the development of molecular biology allowed humans to manipulate genes at the molecular level and invented gene recombination vaccine technology After the 21st century, with the development of genomics, humans began to develop genome-based vaccine development strategies Figure 2 Vaccine Origin and Development Timeline 3 Vaccine is an effective means of combating multiple viral infections 1 Naturally infectious almost aloof viruses have completely disappeared" smallpox is always haunting and filling the cemetery with corpses Torturing its captives with endless fear, so that the living people spread its prestige It turns the baby into a monster that makes the mother shudder, and makes the girl's eyes and faces a nightmare for lovers T.B Macaulay's British History, 1980, the World Health Assembly determined that smallpox had been eliminated worldwide It is the successful development of the vaccine that has allowed the virus, which has threatened humanity for centuries, to disappear completely (except for retained samples stored at the U.S Centers for Disease Control and the Russian National Center for Virology and Biotechnology) At the end of the 18th century, the smallpox outbreak caused by the smallpox virus caused global panic, claiming hundreds of thousands of lives each year This is an ancient disease dating back at least to the third century BC Infected people, regardless of wealth and wealth, men, women and children Heavy-duty smallpox has a fatality rate of about 30%, but is immunized for life after recovery Smallpox virus belongs to the pox virus branch, is a large (200 to 400 nm) DNA virus, strong resistance, rapid reproduction, can survive from a few months to a year and a half Research reports show that the smallpox virus initially only originated in livestock-growing pox virus, and then with the development of animal husbandry, in the extremely dirty environment, pox virus gradually evolved into smallpox virus, so that unsuspecting human losses In the centuries that followed, the smallpox virus was suppressed and a major infection occurred every few decades It wasn't until July 2018 that the FDA approved the first drug to treat smallpox--- p37 protein small molecule inhibitor, the previron Vaccination remains the only preventive tool available to us, and smallpox is the only viral infection that has been eliminated by humans to date 2 A 99% reduction in poliovirus estrain is a poliovirus that causes poliomyelitis, a widespread spread and an acute infectious disease Viruses often invade the central nervous system, damage the front corner of the spinal cord motor nerve cells, resulting in limb relaxation paralysis, but also because it is commonly found in children, so commonly known as polio Figure 3 Poliovirus, derived from Reference 7 Poliovirus infection, fast transmission, when the living environment is crowded and poor sanitation conditions, the virus can cause the body without specific antibodies of family members all infected In vulnerable, dense, humid areas, fecal-mouth transmission, viral contamination of household goods, drinking water contamination, etc can all contribute to polio outbreaks Therefore, the timely use of polio vaccine for prevention is extremely important Poliovirus is classified into type I, TYPE II and III according to its antigen immunogen, and is the key infectious disease of WHO's program immunity control In 1988, the WHO set a global target for polio eradication by the year 2000 Since 2000, our country has been recognized as polio-free by the WHO Although the goal of eradicating the virus has not been achieved globally, the incidence of polio has declined significantly WHO recommends that countries use IPV (inactivated poliovirus vaccine, inactivated poliovirus vaccine, IPV) to replace OPV (oral polio virus reduction vaccine, oral poliovirus vaccine, OPV), IPV immunogenicity and safety is better than OPV Since 2019, China has changed the polio vaccine vaccination program from 1 dose of IPV-3 dose bOPV to 2 doses of IPV-2 dose bOPV OPV is a serotype of i, type II, type III in any type of serotype vaccine, bOPV is containing any two serotypes of vaccine, tOPV is containing all serotype of trivalent vaccine, with the elimination of type II poliovirus, now generalOPV is containing Type I serotype vaccine, for sugar pill, bOPV is containing I type, III type serotype divalent vaccine, for oral drop Humans are the natural hosts of poliovirus, and so far there is no specific drug for poliovirus infection Before the advent of the vaccine, poliovirus was one of the main causes of permanent disability;3 Early on, the first human papillomavirus vaccine was used to prevent cancer, and awareness of the human papillomavirus (HPVs) was limited, and the disease simply affected was benign self-limiting diseases such as skin and genital warts, but according to the epidemiological data on cervical cancer in the late-system, cervical cancer was found to be highly correlated with HPV infection Figure 4 Human papillomavirus DNA and shell protein, pictured from Reference 8 cervical cancer is the most common gynecological malignancies, and data from around the world show that the mortality rate for the disease is very high In recent years, the widespread use of cervical cytology screening and the vaccination of the HPV vaccine have enabled early detection and reduction of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions The WHO had earlier proposed the goal of "Global Elimination of Cervical Cancer by 2030", with more than 90 per cent coverage of HPV vaccination sourating girls under the age of 15 More than 100 countries around the world have added the HPV vaccine against cervical cancer to routine immunization programmes, state-funded vaccination services, and even Rwanda, an African country with poor sanitation and poor medical conditions, is determined to be "the first country in the world without cervical cancer" to make the HPV vaccine available to women across the country amid questions around the world Many countries are currently providing HPV vaccination against HPV-infected cervical cancer and other related cancers The HPV vaccine was introduced in 2006 and the HPV vaccination programme was launched in Austria in the same year; in 2008, the UK and its local authorities launched a school vaccination programme to vaccinate girls aged 12-13 and a three-year catch-up programme for girls under 18 years of age; and in the same year, Scotland launched a national HPV vaccination programme for girls aged 12-13, with secondary vaccinations for girls under the age of 18 and for three years in a row Scotland also conducted an eight-year study of the HPV vaccination programme for women, which found that the routine vaccination rate in Scotland was about 90 per cent and that the catch-up part of the programme was about 65 per cent, which led to a significant drop in high-risk HPV infections in Scotland in recent years From this, we can confirm that vaccination programmes have begun to profoundly change the prevalence of HPV 16 and HPV 18 among Scottish women In 2019, following the UK vaccination programme in 2008, the UK government announced that it would extend the vaccination programme to boys from September, while in parts of Canada, HPV vaccines are being introduced to uninfected women as part of a cervical screening procedure, which could protect older women from cervical cancer, a process that could be adopted by the international community, including the UK Since April 10, 2018, Shenzhen will include HPV vaccines in health insurance payments, including the tetravalent HPV vaccine and the divalent HPV vaccine As can be seen from actions around the world, people are also preparing to use the HPV vaccine to gradually eliminate the HPV virus, reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and related cancers 4 The application of hepatitis B vaccine significantly reduces the rate of hepatitis B infection currently known to human hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D and D virus five Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the pathogen that causes hepatitis B (hepatitis B) and is a DNA virus, one of the most important factors contributing to the global burden of hepatitis disease Figure 5 HBV-infected cells, pictured from Reference 9 After years of medical development, epidemiological studies have shown a link between HBV infection and chronic liver disease, including liver cancer and cirrhosis HBV infection is a global public health problem, and given the high incidence and mortality of hepatitis B worldwide, the world is committed to controlling its spread and morbidity through immunization programmes At present, with the production and input of genetically engineered vaccines, the prevalence of hepatitis B vaccine is increasing year by year, and the infection rate is on a downward trend In 1992, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that babies be vaccinated against hepatitis B within 24 hours of birth In the same year, China's hepatitis B vaccine into the children's immunization management, in 2005 the hepatitis B vaccine into the children's immunization program, the implementation of free vaccination In 2013, WHO statistics showed that 181 countries had included hepatitis B vaccine in their immunization program, and 107 countries required the vaccination of newborns within 24 hours of birth According to the World Health Statistics 2018 released by WHO, the global use of hepatitis B vaccine has significantly reduced the prevalence rate of chronic hepatitis B virus, with the prevalence rate of hepatitis B in children under 5 years of age in the pre-vaccine era dropping to 1.3% in 2015, and the prevalence of hepatitis B in the general population has decreased from 4.3% to 3.5% 5 Vaccine prevention of influenza increasingly popular influenza (flu) and the common cold, is caused by influenza virus influenza, mainly through droplets or through direct / indirect contact with the eyes, mouth, nasal cavity, virus pollutants, such as transmission, with seasonal characteristics, winter and spring is the high incidence of influenza season Based on the influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix protein (matrix protein, M) antigen serogenic, it is divided into A (A), B (B), C (C) three types of serotypes, in recent years newly discovered influenza virus return (D) type Among them, influenza A virus is able to infect humans and lead to respiratory diseases of the main type, its often antigen variation, according to its main surface glycoprotein is further divided into H, N subtypes, such as common can infect the human h1N1, H7N9 influenza virus Figure 6 influenza A virus, picture dating from reference 10 According to China's CDC January 2020 national statutory infectious disease report (data from the National Health and Health Commission website), since December 2019 all provinces have entered the influenza winter season, influenza activity level stood on the rise, and has reached the peak of influenza, influenza incidence reached 986,543 cases, the death toll reached 108 cases The vaccine used to prevent influenza is called the flu vaccine, and influenza vaccination is one of the main measures for effective prevention and control of influenza Flu vaccines can be 9-1 per year.