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4 Toxic pollutants
Toxic pollutants in wastewater mainly include inorganic chemical poisons, organic chemical poisons and radioactive substances
.
Inorganic chemical poisons mainly refer to heavy metals and their compounds
.
Many heavy metals are significantly toxic to organisms, and can be absorbed by organisms and concentrated ten million times through the food chain, and eventually enter the human body to cause chronic poisoning or serious diseases
Organic chemical poisons mainly refer to phenols, nitro compounds, organic pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , synthetic detergents, etc.
, all of which are highly toxic
.
They are difficult to degrade, and their common feature is that they can remain stable in the water for a long time, and finally enter the human body through the enrichment of the food chain
The main sources of radioactive materials are the nuclear industry and the industrial and civil sectors that use radioactive materials
.
Radioactive materials can be transferred from water or soil to organisms, vegetables and other foods, and be concentrated and enriched in the human body
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5 Biological contaminants
Biological pollutants refer to pathogenic microorganisms contained in wastewater
.
Sewage and wastewater contain a variety of microorganisms, most of which are harmless, but some of them also contain pathogens that are harmful to humans and livestock
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6 Acid-base pollutants
The discharge of acid and alkali pollutants into the water body will change the pH value of the water body and destroy the natural buffering effect of the water
.
When the pH of the water body is less than 6.
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7 Nutrient pollutants
The nutrients here refer to nitrogen and phosphorus
.
Under the influence of long-term human activities, large amounts of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus required by organisms enter slow-flow areas such as lakes, estuaries, bays, etc.
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8 Sensory Pollutants
Sensory pollutants are those that can cause sensory discomfort in water bodies
.
If there is color or peculiar smell, the water body will appear turbidity, foul smell and foam
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9 Thermal pollution
The discharge of wastewater causes the temperature of the water body to rise, which is called thermal pollution
.
Thermal pollution will affect the survival of aquatic organisms and the utilization value of water resources
Various pollutants in sewage and wastewater have different levels and modes of harm to the environment and humans
.
Table 1-4 lists the main pollutants in sewage and wastewater and their hazard characteristics
.
Table 1-4 Main pollutants in sewage and wastewater and their hazardous characteristics