What are the models of experimental animals at home and abroad?

Life is "the power to self-nourish and grow and decay independently", a philosophical summary of life by Aristotle (384-322 BC) through the study of animals and plants.
animals also became one of the main objects of the ancient philosophers to explore the mysteries of life, Galen (130-200 A.D.) pioneered animal anatomy and experimental physiology, he will be derived from animal knowledge to the understanding of the human body, promote the development of medicine, and influenced the whole Middle Ages.
use animals to study the nature of life and push to human beings, deepen the understanding and prevention and control of human life, old, sick, dead and other processes, which is also the core value of modern experimental animal science and experimental animals to human dedication.
modern era is the transition from "experimental animal" to "experimental animal".
some of the most landmark research results in the history of life sciences and medicine, such as the study of smallpox vaccine by the dog by Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), and the study of the smallpox vaccine by Ivan Pedroiv Pavlov 1849-1936) Using the study of neuroreflexes by dogs, Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) used fruit flies to study chromosomes, and so on, using animals that were not specifically bred for experimental research, which can simply be called experimental animals.
it wasn't until the 1950s that the scientific community realized the importance of animal sources and qualities (genetic and microbial backgrounds) for scientific experiments, and the United States, Britain, Germany, etc. have set up centers or research institutes dedicated to the production of experimental animals, providing a genetic background and microbial background to be controlled by animals specifically designed for scientific experiments, called laboratory animals.
has been breeding mice of different hair colors since the 19th century, and scientists are accumulating the species and strains of experimental animals.
, the world's experimental animals have been extended to nematodes, fruit flies, dragonflies, zebrafish, mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, pigs, monkeys and other species of different evolutionary status.
in large, mouse and other commonly used species, but also cultivate more than 3000 different physiological characteristics of the lineage.
with the emergence and continuous development of gene modification technology, genetically modified, gene knockout large mouse lineage has been more than 20,000, gene-modified rabbits, pigs, dogs, monkeys, etc. have also appeared, has become the development of life phenomena research, disease mechanism research, drug evaluation and other indispensable research resources.
the United States is the highest level of experimental animal science development in the country, the United States Government listed experimental animals as the basic resources in life sciences, medicine and other research fields, each year by Congress, or the National Institutes of Health (NIH) granted to carry out the collection, cultivation and preservation of experimental animal resources.
the United States holds 70 percent of the world's experimental animal resources.
Britain, Germany, France and the United States formed a relatively smooth sharing mechanism, formed the European and American experimental animal resources sharing plate, greatly promoted the United States and Europe's life science research;
experimental animals can be divided into three categories, namely, conventional experimental animals, spontaneous mutant experimental animals and genetically engineered experimental animals.
conventional experimental animals, these are a class of experimental animals that can grow normally, develop and have no specific disease phenotypes.
since the beginning of the 20th century, American breeder Little and others bred the first mouse inbreeding, countries around the world began to cultivate mice, rats, ground mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, small pigs and other near-breeding and distant experimental animals through near-breeding techniques, in order to control the background as much as possible, so that the genetic background of the same line of experimental animals is consistent, improve the repeatability of scientific research.
to 2016, there are at least 400 inbreeding strains of mice in the world, 200 inbreeding strains of rats, 45 inbreeding strains of rats, 15 guinea pigs in-breeding, more than 30 inbreeding sands, and 7 small pigs.
dogs have a very rich line of character, but most are used as pets and working dogs.
internationally used experimental dog is the Biggar.
the most complete line of experimental animals in the United States, with more than 500 inbreeding mice in the Jackson Laboratory alone.
China's conventional experimental animal strains are relatively limited, according to the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Medical Experimental Animalinstitute incomplete statistics, Chinese experimental animal mice, rats, ground mice, guinea pigs, small pigs and other conventional experimental animals total number of less than 100 species, about 10% of the United States.
commonly used mouse strains include C57BL/6, BALB/c, ICR, DBA, C3H/He, KM (Kunming mouse is cultivated and widely used in China).
rat lineage includes SD, Wistar, F344, etc.
because of the high circulation system of pigs and human appearance, it is widely used in medical teaching, cardiovascular research and drug evaluation and other fields.
Gottingen and Minnesota Homer are commonly used experimental animal strains in Europe and the United States.
recent years, China has developed Tibetan pigs, five-fingered mountain pigs, Bama scented pigs, Xishuangbanna small pigs and Guizhou small pigs.
five-fingered mountain pig and bama swine pig have been widely used in the country.
China also attaches great importance to the cultivation of conventional experimental animals, and in recent years has cultivated experimental animal species with special medical research purposes, such as long-jawed sand rats, oriental field mice and flesh field mice.
Shandong fine dog, North China dog, woolly mouse (dragon cat) and so on are being cultivated and developed.
spontaneous mutant animals spontaneously mutated animals are in the breeding process, the genome mutation causes specific episotype changes, through the back-to-back and lateral breeding techniques to form the epithelial stable genetic line.
the largest spontaneous mutation lineage were large and mouse. There are about 400 mutant mice in
.
Before the advent of genetic engineering technology, screening of mutant strains was the main means of cultivating animal models of disease.
for example, naked mice widely used in tumor studies are immunodeficiency lineage formed by immune-related genetic mutations, and db/db mice widely used in type 2 diabetes studies are obese and diabetic susceptibility strains formed by leptin receptor mutations.
spontaneous mutation of large mice is a genetic disease animal model resources, the current spontaneous mutation of large mouse model covers nearly a hundred human diseases, is currently the most widely used animal model of a disease.
some 30 strains of spontaneous mutant mice, including high blood pressure rats, obese mice, immunodeficiency mice, diabetic mice, autoimmune mice, and early aging mice, etc.
genetically engineered animalgenetic engineering animals refers to the use of genetically modified technology, gene targeting technology or genome editing technology and other genetic recombination techniques, artificialmodification, alteration or intervention of the genetic composition of the original DNA of the organism, and can produce stable genetic new strains.
early 1980s, James W. Gordon and others first used microinjections of purified DNA into the embryo nucleus of mice to produce genetically modified animals.
then Martin J. Evans, Mario R. Capecchi and Oliver Smithies developed gene targeting technology, which, with the development of gene editing technology (CRISPR/Cas9) in the 21st century, has now developed a full set of mature genetic engineering systems and a wealth of geneticengineering animal resources.
genetically engineered animals can be divided into 4 categories by use: 1) genetically engineered varieties for the purpose of breed improvement, including genetically modified cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, etc.; 2) genetic engineering models for biomedical research, mainly rats, mice, zebrafish, nematodes, etc.; The animal line of animals that express specific biological factors or vaccines for the purpose of pharmaceutical production, i.e. biogenerators, mainly genetically engineered mice, sheep, cattle and other animals, etc.; 4) some genetically induced animal strains, mainly genetically engineered animal pigs, for the purpose of providing tissue organ transplantation to human patients.
the largest genetically engineered animals are genetically engineered mice and rats, and nearly 20,000 genetically engineered mice and rat strains have been developed around the world, mainly in Jackson Laboratories in the United States, the Sanger Institute in the United Kingdom, Kumamoto University in Japan, etc.
China has 3000 to 4000 gene-engineered large mice imported and independently developed from abroad, mainly in Nanjing University, the Institute of Medical Experimental Animals of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, etc.
rats are closer to humans than mice in cardiovascular, metabolic, nervous system and drug metabolism, and with the development of gene editing technology, we have skipped the difficulty of having to target genes in embryonic stem cells (ES cells), and the development of gene-editing rats has become a hot topic in international experimental animal research.
China has pioneered the development of rat gene editing technology in the world, and in recent years has also developed the largest gene knockout, condition knockout and other rat resources (400 strains, and mainly preserved in Nanjing University and the Institute of Medical Experimental Animals of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences).
scientists in cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological research can select gene-edited rats and promote innovative research in China.
animal models of human diseases by inducing or genetic ally to enable experimental animals to reproduce some or all of the occurrence of human diseases, the development of the process of disease-causing animals, i.e. human disease animal models.
animal models of human diseases can be divided into both hereditary and non-hereditary types.
animal model siswells is an indispensable condition for the study of human disease mechanism, treatment, drug evaluation, etc.
animal models of non-genetic diseases are caused by technical means such as pathogen infection, surgery, chemical induction or physical induction of conventional experimental animals.
genetic disease animal models are experimental animals that spontaneously mutate, induce mutations or modify the genome using genetic engineering techniques, and cause specific diseases, which have been bred as stable genetic strains and can be bred for long periods of time. there are many animal models of
diseases, and due to the complexity of human disease etiology, the same disease may correspond to a variety of disease models, with spontaneous mutations, induced mutations, genetically engineered disease models of more than 1000, and animal models of non-genetic diseases, covering almost all major human disease types.
animal models of major infectious diseases, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, AIDS, influenza and some new re-emerging infectious diseases, such as hand, foot and mouth disease, Zika virus disease, etc. are the main threats to human health. There are three main types of animal models
major infectious diseases, and the first category is the use of conventional experimental animals for infection, for example, influenza animal models created using ferrets (the respiratory tract expressions of influenza virus receptors similar to those in humans).
used nodule models developed by rats, mice, guinea pigs or rhesus monkeys infected with TB bacteria, and established hepatitis B models using soil-rat infection with the hepatitis virus.
Category 2 is pathogen-modified infection of conventional experimental animals, such as AIDS, human HIV (HIV) is difficult to infect animals and the occurrence of pathological phenotypes, through genetic engineering will be monkey immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV recombination, the formation of a can be infected with rhesus monkeys and some of the genetic information of HIV embedded virus, the establishment of a monkey model can simulate AIDS.
Category 3 is a genetically modified animal model that inserts the DNA of the virus into the animal's genome, allowing the animal to express the virus, and overcomes the problem that human viruses cannot infect animals, such as 1.3 copies of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genetically modified hepatitis B mice.
, animal models of pathogenic receptor humanization and cell-derived infectious diseases are emerging.
currently, there are more than 100 major infectious disease models in China (the main resources are kept in the Academy of Medical Sciences, the Institute of Medical Experimental Animals), and China's animal models of infectious diseases and animal-based mechanisms are among the international leading countries in the study.
tumor disease model tumor is the second leading disease to cause death, tumor disease model is mainly used in the study of tumor pathogenesis, drug screening, clinical personalized treatment and other fields.
tumor animal models can be divided into 4 categories.
Category 1 is a long-established experimental animal line of tumor-high tumors, for example, C3H/He mice, where the incidence of breast cancer in females at 6 months of age can be 100%, and is a good model for the study of breast cancer.
class 2, is a cancer-inducing tumor model, for example, drinking or injecting methyl pyridothin (NMBzAz) in rats can induce a rat esophageal cancer model, reproducing the pathological process of esophageal growth to cancerous.
Category 3 is a genetically engineered tumor model that causes cancer by genetically modified high-expression of cancer genes, or cancer-causing by knocking out cancer-suppressing genes, compared to H-ras genetically modified mice and p53 genes knocking out mice and concurrent multi-organ cancer.
category 4 is the transplant tumor model, one is to transplant the tumor cells of animals under the skin of the same line of animals or specific tissues, forming subcutaneous or in situ of the same transplant tumor, such as mouse melanoma inhibition model and mouse breast cancer inhibition model are commonly used in the same type of transplant tumor model, the other is to transplant human tumor cells to immunodeficiency mice or mice under the skin or specific tissues, forming subcutaneous or inecase transplanttumor tumor.
the immunodeficiency mice used in China are mainly BALB/c-nu naked mice (T, B cell defects), naked mice allow most human tumor cell growth can be used to prepare heterotransplantous tumor models, is currently the most widely used tumor model.
another commonly used non-obese diabetes/severe combination immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice (T, B and NK cell defects), it can also be used to prepare the heterotransplantous tumor model of most human tumors, which is currently the most widely used tumor animal model.
it is worth noting that in recent years, in the context of NOD/SCID, the IL-2 receptor gene has been knocked out, i.e.