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In recent years, the concept of healthy eating has gradually become popular.
The "Healthy China Action (2019-2030)" also proposes a reasonable diet action, calling on everyone to develop healthy eating habits.
So what are the disadvantages of unhealthy eating habits? What is a high-quality diet? After reading this article, you may be able to gain something.
A cohort study of more than 40,000 people recently published in the journal Diabetes Care found that for people over 50 years of age, low-quality eating habits are associated with a 57% increase in the risk of all-cause death; in patients with type 2 diabetes, this number It even reached 87%[1]! In fact, there have been many studies on the relationship between diet quality and the risk of death from all causes.
However, the subjects of previous studies are mostly healthy people, or people with specific diseases, and patients with a history of cancer, cardiovascular disease or diabetes are excluded [6-8], and at the same time for people with different cardiovascular and metabolic diseases There are few studies on the relationship between the quality of the diet and the risk of death.
In view of this, the researchers used the famous Dutch lifeline cohort (The Lifelines Cohort Study) to explore the relationship between diet quality and all-cause death at different levels of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
The Dutch Lifeline Cohort is a large-scale population-based cohort study.
The cohort recruited 167,729 people in the northern part of the Netherlands from 2006 to 2013, with participants ≥50 years of age.
After screening the participants, a total of 40,892 people were included in the analysis.
The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) used in the study contained 110 items, and the LLDS score (Lifelines Diet Score) was used to assess the diet quality of the respondents.
In short, the score is based on 9 foods that have been proven to have a positive effect on health (including vegetables, fruits, whole grains, beans and nuts, fish, oil and soft margarine, unsweetened dairy products, coffee and tea) ), and 3 foods that have a negative impact on health (red meat and processed meat, butter and hard margarine, and sugar-sweetened beverages) are ranked according to intake.
The higher the relative intake of healthy food, the higher the score; the lower the relative intake of food that has a negative impact on health, the higher the score.
Then group the three quantiles according to the scores (T1, T2, T3), where the T1 group has the lowest score, that is, the poorest food quality; the T3 group has the highest score and the best food quality.
Cardiometabolic Disease (CMD) is defined as type 2 diabetes/chronic kidney disease 3-5 stages/myocardial infarction/angioplasty or heart bypass surgery/aortic aneurysm/heart or kidney transplantation/stroke/heart strength at baseline Exhaustion.
According to the prevalence of CMD, the survey subjects were divided into 4 groups: ①No CMD; ②Type 2 diabetes but no cardiovascular disease; ③One kind of cardiovascular disease; ④Combined with 2 or more CMD.
Each survey object is classified into only one of the groups, and there is no overlap of survey objects between groups.
The results of the study showed that as of November 2019, the median follow-up time of the cohort was 7.
6 years, with a total of 1,438 deaths, and an average of 4.
6 deaths out of 1,000 per year.
The researchers first analyzed the relationship between LLDS scores and all-cause deaths, and the results showed that compared with the highest diet quality group (T3), the lowest diet quality score group (T1) had a 57% higher risk of death.
Hierarchical analysis found that such a relationship is very significant in patients without CMD and type 2 diabetes.
Compared with the high-quality diet group, among people without CMD, the risk of death was increased by 63% for people with low-quality diet; and the risk of death for type 2 diabetes patients with low-quality diet was increased by 87%.
However, in patients with one type of cardiovascular disease or with multiple CMDs, the relationship between diet quality and the risk of all-cause death is not significant.
Why does the quality of the diet have such a big impact on the risk of death in patients with type 2 diabetes? In view of the fact that patients with one cardiovascular disease or multiple CMDs have a much higher risk of death than people with only diabetes, the researchers speculate that high diet quality reduces the risk of death from type 2 diabetes, which may be the same as reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Diabetics are related to the risk of cardiovascular disease.
This study also has limitations.
Since the LLDS score is based on the general population, for patients with multiple CMDs, their nutritional requirements may have changed (such as increased energy and protein requirements).
Therefore, LLDS may not best reflect the dietary needs of these elderly people.
In addition, the researchers also speculated that different cardiovascular diseases and the duration of illness have different effects on the risk of death, and that different diseases have different sensitivities to dietary improvement, which may also affect the patient's risk of death and the relationship between diet and death.
In general, a healthy diet has a positive impact on the risk of all-cause death in people over 50.
Especially for patients with type 2 diabetes, the quality of diet is a potentially changeable risk factor.
Early life>
| Expand reading to give you a few health-friendly diets for popular science.
The following information comes from the top 3 best diets recommended by the expert group in US News Health [9].
(1) The Mediterranean Diet refers to the typical diet in Mediterranean countries such as Greece, Italy, and Spain.
Around the 1960s, some scientists observed that in these Mediterranean countries, the number of deaths from coronary heart disease was less than that of the United States and Northern Europe.
∠ Eat more healthy fats such as whole grains, vegetables, fruits, soy products, nuts, fish (seafood) and olive oil ∠ Adhere to the right amount of dairy products, eggs and poultry ∠ Reduce red meat (pork, beef, lamb) Etc.
) Intake, eat less sugar (2) Diet to prevent high blood pressure (DASH Diet) DASH diet is a diet method to prevent high blood pressure, developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (National Heart, Lung, and Blood) Institute) advocacy.
The DASH diet is balanced and can be followed for a long time.
∠ Eat more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and low-fat dairy products.
These foods are rich in nutrients that lower blood pressure, such as potassium, calcium, protein, and fiber.
∠Do not encourage the intake of high-saturated fat foods, such as fat Meat, full-fat dairy products and tropical oils, as well as sugar-sweetened beverages and sweets ∠Limit sodium intake to 2300 mg per day (3) The Flexitarian Diet (The Flexitarian Diet) was developed by American registered dietitian Dawn Jackson Bula Turner (Dawn Jackson Blatner) in the book "The Flexitarian Diet: The Mostly Vegetarian Way to Lose Weight, Be Healthier, Prevent Disease and Add Years to Your Life" first proposed a flexible vegetarian diet, and pointed out that a flexible vegetarian diet is helpful for weight loss and health.
And prolong life.
The core idea is: You don’t have to eat meat at all to get the health benefits of vegetarianism.
You can be vegan most of the time, but you can still devour hamburgers or steaks when your desire strikes.
∠Advocate eating more plant foods and less meat.
It is not necessary to skip meat at all.
References: [1] Vinke PC, Navis G, Kromhout D, Corpeleijn E.
Associations of Diet Quality and All-Cause Mortality Across Levels of Cardiometabolic Health and Disease: A 7.
6-Year Prospective Analysis From the Dutch Lifelines Cohort.
Diabetes Care.
2021;44(5):1228-1235.
doi:10.
2337/dc20-2709[2]Sijtsma FP, Soedamah-Muthu SS, de Goede J, Oude Griep LM, Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, de Boer MJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Kromhout D.
Healthy eating and lower mortality risk in a large cohort of cardiac patients who received state-of-the-art drug treatment.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2015 Dec;102(6):1527-33.
[3]Li S, Chiuve SE, Flint A, Pai JK, Forman JP, Hu FB, Willett WC, Mukamal KJ, Rimm EB.
Better diet quality and decreased mortality among myocardial infarction survivors.
JAMA Intern Med.
2013 Oct 28;173(19):1808-18.
[4]Lopez-Garcia E, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Li TY,Fung TT, Li S, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Hu FB.
The Mediterranean-style dietary pattern and mortality among men and women with cardiovascular disease.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2014 Jan;99(1):172-80.
[5 ]Becerra-Tomás N, Blanco Mejía S, Viguiliouk E, Khan T, Kendall CWC, Kahleova H, Rahelić D, Sievenpiper JL, Salas-Salvadó J.
Mediterranean diet, cardiovascular disease and mortality in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized clinical trials.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.
2020;60(7):1207-1227.
[6]Schwingshackl L, Bogensberger B, Hoffmann G.
Diet Quality as Assessed by the Healthy Eating Index, Alternate Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Score, and Health Outcomes: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.
J Acad Nutr Diet.
2018;118(1):74-100.
e11.
doi:10.
1016/j.
jand.
2017.
08.
024[7]Sofi F, Macchi C, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A.
Mediterranean diet and health status: an updated meta-analysis and a proposal for a literature-based adherence score.
Public Health Nutr.
2014;17 (12):2769-2782.
doi:10.
1017/S1368980013003169[8]Soltani S, Jayedi A, Shab-Bidar S, Becerra-Tomás N, Salas-Salvadó J.
Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Relation to All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.
Adv Nutr.
2019;10(6):1029-1039.
doi:10.
1093/advances/nmz041[9]https://health.
usnews.
com/best -diet Author of this article | Editor-in-Chief of Fan Jiahua | Dai Siyu1017/S1368980013003169[8]Soltani S, Jayedi A, Shab-Bidar S, Becerra-Tomás N, Salas-Salvadó J.
Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Relation to All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.
Adv Nutr.
2019;10(6):1029-1039.
doi:10.
1093/advances/nmz041[9]https://health.
usnews.
com/best-diet | Daisiyu1017/S1368980013003169[8]Soltani S, Jayedi A, Shab-Bidar S, Becerra-Tomás N, Salas-Salvadó J.
Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Relation to All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.
Adv Nutr.
2019;10(6):1029-1039.
doi:10.
1093/advances/nmz041[9]https://health.
usnews.
com/best-diet | Daisiyu
The "Healthy China Action (2019-2030)" also proposes a reasonable diet action, calling on everyone to develop healthy eating habits.
So what are the disadvantages of unhealthy eating habits? What is a high-quality diet? After reading this article, you may be able to gain something.
A cohort study of more than 40,000 people recently published in the journal Diabetes Care found that for people over 50 years of age, low-quality eating habits are associated with a 57% increase in the risk of all-cause death; in patients with type 2 diabetes, this number It even reached 87%[1]! In fact, there have been many studies on the relationship between diet quality and the risk of death from all causes.
However, the subjects of previous studies are mostly healthy people, or people with specific diseases, and patients with a history of cancer, cardiovascular disease or diabetes are excluded [6-8], and at the same time for people with different cardiovascular and metabolic diseases There are few studies on the relationship between the quality of the diet and the risk of death.
In view of this, the researchers used the famous Dutch lifeline cohort (The Lifelines Cohort Study) to explore the relationship between diet quality and all-cause death at different levels of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
The Dutch Lifeline Cohort is a large-scale population-based cohort study.
The cohort recruited 167,729 people in the northern part of the Netherlands from 2006 to 2013, with participants ≥50 years of age.
After screening the participants, a total of 40,892 people were included in the analysis.
The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) used in the study contained 110 items, and the LLDS score (Lifelines Diet Score) was used to assess the diet quality of the respondents.
In short, the score is based on 9 foods that have been proven to have a positive effect on health (including vegetables, fruits, whole grains, beans and nuts, fish, oil and soft margarine, unsweetened dairy products, coffee and tea) ), and 3 foods that have a negative impact on health (red meat and processed meat, butter and hard margarine, and sugar-sweetened beverages) are ranked according to intake.
The higher the relative intake of healthy food, the higher the score; the lower the relative intake of food that has a negative impact on health, the higher the score.
Then group the three quantiles according to the scores (T1, T2, T3), where the T1 group has the lowest score, that is, the poorest food quality; the T3 group has the highest score and the best food quality.
Cardiometabolic Disease (CMD) is defined as type 2 diabetes/chronic kidney disease 3-5 stages/myocardial infarction/angioplasty or heart bypass surgery/aortic aneurysm/heart or kidney transplantation/stroke/heart strength at baseline Exhaustion.
According to the prevalence of CMD, the survey subjects were divided into 4 groups: ①No CMD; ②Type 2 diabetes but no cardiovascular disease; ③One kind of cardiovascular disease; ④Combined with 2 or more CMD.
Each survey object is classified into only one of the groups, and there is no overlap of survey objects between groups.
The results of the study showed that as of November 2019, the median follow-up time of the cohort was 7.
6 years, with a total of 1,438 deaths, and an average of 4.
6 deaths out of 1,000 per year.
The researchers first analyzed the relationship between LLDS scores and all-cause deaths, and the results showed that compared with the highest diet quality group (T3), the lowest diet quality score group (T1) had a 57% higher risk of death.
Hierarchical analysis found that such a relationship is very significant in patients without CMD and type 2 diabetes.
Compared with the high-quality diet group, among people without CMD, the risk of death was increased by 63% for people with low-quality diet; and the risk of death for type 2 diabetes patients with low-quality diet was increased by 87%.
However, in patients with one type of cardiovascular disease or with multiple CMDs, the relationship between diet quality and the risk of all-cause death is not significant.
Why does the quality of the diet have such a big impact on the risk of death in patients with type 2 diabetes? In view of the fact that patients with one cardiovascular disease or multiple CMDs have a much higher risk of death than people with only diabetes, the researchers speculate that high diet quality reduces the risk of death from type 2 diabetes, which may be the same as reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Diabetics are related to the risk of cardiovascular disease.
This study also has limitations.
Since the LLDS score is based on the general population, for patients with multiple CMDs, their nutritional requirements may have changed (such as increased energy and protein requirements).
Therefore, LLDS may not best reflect the dietary needs of these elderly people.
In addition, the researchers also speculated that different cardiovascular diseases and the duration of illness have different effects on the risk of death, and that different diseases have different sensitivities to dietary improvement, which may also affect the patient's risk of death and the relationship between diet and death.
In general, a healthy diet has a positive impact on the risk of all-cause death in people over 50.
Especially for patients with type 2 diabetes, the quality of diet is a potentially changeable risk factor.
Early life>
| Expand reading to give you a few health-friendly diets for popular science.
The following information comes from the top 3 best diets recommended by the expert group in US News Health [9].
(1) The Mediterranean Diet refers to the typical diet in Mediterranean countries such as Greece, Italy, and Spain.
Around the 1960s, some scientists observed that in these Mediterranean countries, the number of deaths from coronary heart disease was less than that of the United States and Northern Europe.
∠ Eat more healthy fats such as whole grains, vegetables, fruits, soy products, nuts, fish (seafood) and olive oil ∠ Adhere to the right amount of dairy products, eggs and poultry ∠ Reduce red meat (pork, beef, lamb) Etc.
) Intake, eat less sugar (2) Diet to prevent high blood pressure (DASH Diet) DASH diet is a diet method to prevent high blood pressure, developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (National Heart, Lung, and Blood) Institute) advocacy.
The DASH diet is balanced and can be followed for a long time.
∠ Eat more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and low-fat dairy products.
These foods are rich in nutrients that lower blood pressure, such as potassium, calcium, protein, and fiber.
∠Do not encourage the intake of high-saturated fat foods, such as fat Meat, full-fat dairy products and tropical oils, as well as sugar-sweetened beverages and sweets ∠Limit sodium intake to 2300 mg per day (3) The Flexitarian Diet (The Flexitarian Diet) was developed by American registered dietitian Dawn Jackson Bula Turner (Dawn Jackson Blatner) in the book "The Flexitarian Diet: The Mostly Vegetarian Way to Lose Weight, Be Healthier, Prevent Disease and Add Years to Your Life" first proposed a flexible vegetarian diet, and pointed out that a flexible vegetarian diet is helpful for weight loss and health.
And prolong life.
The core idea is: You don’t have to eat meat at all to get the health benefits of vegetarianism.
You can be vegan most of the time, but you can still devour hamburgers or steaks when your desire strikes.
∠Advocate eating more plant foods and less meat.
It is not necessary to skip meat at all.
References: [1] Vinke PC, Navis G, Kromhout D, Corpeleijn E.
Associations of Diet Quality and All-Cause Mortality Across Levels of Cardiometabolic Health and Disease: A 7.
6-Year Prospective Analysis From the Dutch Lifelines Cohort.
Diabetes Care.
2021;44(5):1228-1235.
doi:10.
2337/dc20-2709[2]Sijtsma FP, Soedamah-Muthu SS, de Goede J, Oude Griep LM, Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, de Boer MJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Kromhout D.
Healthy eating and lower mortality risk in a large cohort of cardiac patients who received state-of-the-art drug treatment.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2015 Dec;102(6):1527-33.
[3]Li S, Chiuve SE, Flint A, Pai JK, Forman JP, Hu FB, Willett WC, Mukamal KJ, Rimm EB.
Better diet quality and decreased mortality among myocardial infarction survivors.
JAMA Intern Med.
2013 Oct 28;173(19):1808-18.
[4]Lopez-Garcia E, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Li TY,Fung TT, Li S, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Hu FB.
The Mediterranean-style dietary pattern and mortality among men and women with cardiovascular disease.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2014 Jan;99(1):172-80.
[5 ]Becerra-Tomás N, Blanco Mejía S, Viguiliouk E, Khan T, Kendall CWC, Kahleova H, Rahelić D, Sievenpiper JL, Salas-Salvadó J.
Mediterranean diet, cardiovascular disease and mortality in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized clinical trials.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.
2020;60(7):1207-1227.
[6]Schwingshackl L, Bogensberger B, Hoffmann G.
Diet Quality as Assessed by the Healthy Eating Index, Alternate Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Score, and Health Outcomes: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.
J Acad Nutr Diet.
2018;118(1):74-100.
e11.
doi:10.
1016/j.
jand.
2017.
08.
024[7]Sofi F, Macchi C, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A.
Mediterranean diet and health status: an updated meta-analysis and a proposal for a literature-based adherence score.
Public Health Nutr.
2014;17 (12):2769-2782.
doi:10.
1017/S1368980013003169[8]Soltani S, Jayedi A, Shab-Bidar S, Becerra-Tomás N, Salas-Salvadó J.
Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Relation to All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.
Adv Nutr.
2019;10(6):1029-1039.
doi:10.
1093/advances/nmz041[9]https://health.
usnews.
com/best -diet Author of this article | Editor-in-Chief of Fan Jiahua | Dai Siyu1017/S1368980013003169[8]Soltani S, Jayedi A, Shab-Bidar S, Becerra-Tomás N, Salas-Salvadó J.
Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Relation to All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.
Adv Nutr.
2019;10(6):1029-1039.
doi:10.
1093/advances/nmz041[9]https://health.
usnews.
com/best-diet | Daisiyu1017/S1368980013003169[8]Soltani S, Jayedi A, Shab-Bidar S, Becerra-Tomás N, Salas-Salvadó J.
Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Relation to All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.
Adv Nutr.
2019;10(6):1029-1039.
doi:10.
1093/advances/nmz041[9]https://health.
usnews.
com/best-diet | Daisiyu
