White meat and red meat, which is healthier? Balanced diet, which may be one of the reasons for the rise of artificial meat

image source: Photo networkFrom ancient times to the present, pork, beef, lamb, etc. are the

main force" on the national table

, in the dietary structure occupies an important position. The

Taizai
"
in the pre-Qin ritual was served with three animalspigs, cattle and sheep
"
, and the six animals were also seen as a symbol of stability. The so
s
"five valleys Fengden, six animals
"
, is the performance of affluence and social stability. Let Chinese feel the warmest
"

"
of the second half of
"
, in ancient times is also

s
"
meaning.01 meat consumption has increased, but negative news has been repeatedly exposed in the past few decades, with the development of China's economy, meat consumption has increased rapidly. Since
1980
, China's total meat consumption has soared from
7.
million tons per year to
more than
70 million tons per year, an increase of
10
times in
30
, and
surpassed the United States as the world's largest meat consumer in
30
.fact, China is very different from the United States, where meat consumption has been on a downward trend since
2007
and has fallen by
20%
. And China, for its part, remains high. According to the OECD database, annual global consumption of meat is on the rise.
2018
, China consumes
88.296 million tons of meat per year
, accounting for
26.
% of global meat consumption, ranking first in the world.figure
|
Chinese mainland total production of major animal products in China (in millions of tons), source: China meat data mapHowever
in
, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer published a list of carcinogens, red meat
2A
carcinogens. For a time people panic, many studies have also revealed thatred meat and stomach cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer and other cancer risks have a positive correlation
"
. In addition, high levels of LDL cholesterol (
LDL-C
) can cause cardiovascular disease (
CVD
) in the walls of blood vessels, while saturated fatty acids (
SFA
) increase the concentration of
LDL-C
. Red meat contains high levels
SFA
, and excessive consumption can also be a cardiovascular burden.
[1,2]By contrast, white meat is highly valued by consumers for its low fat content, higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids and abundant protein. How do you tell the difference between red meat and white meat?according to World Health Organization standards, only mammalian-sourced meat is

red meatsuch as pork, beef, lamb and so on. Mammals have a protein in their muscle tissues called

myoglobin , whose primary physiological function is to transport and store oxygen
.3,4
. Myoglobin contains
Fe2 plus
ions that make the muscles red, and the higher the myoglobin content, the redr the color of the meat. Fish, shrimp, crabs and oysters, as well as chicken, duck, goose and other poultry meat is classified as

"white meat
"
.02white meat is healthier than red meat? Non-existentIn the past few decades, dietary guidelines have generally encouraged people to prioritize white meat such as poultry and fish, fearing higher levels of saturated fat in red meat (animal meat) and an increased risk of diseases such as heart disease and cancer. However, a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition has led to new findings: Eating red and white meat has the same effect on blood cholesterol levels.
[5] The researchers
113
healthy people (age:
21
to
65
, body mass index:
20
to
35
kg
/
m
2
) into high, Two queues of low saturated fatty acids (
SFA
) (
61
and
52,
), each divided into three stages of the red, white and non-meat protein diet, with
2
to
7
weeks of wastation between each diet. Subjects were randomly assigned to a baseline diet of
2
weeks before being randomly assigned to a low
SFA
(total energy of
7%
) or a high
SFA
(total energy of
14%
) group to test their compliance with a controlled diet. The main sources of red and white meat diets are beef and chicken, while meatless diets are mainly provided by plants. figure
|
experimental design Samples of the subjects' peritutation vein blood were collected at the end of the baseline diet and at the end of each stage of the diet for repeated analysis of plasma lipids, lipoprotein particle subgroups, lipoproteins, and glucose. The results showed that the LDL (
LDL
) cholesterol and lipoprotein
B
(
apoB
) of subjects who ate red and white meat were significantly higher than those who ate non-meat protein and were not affected by the
SFA
type. This is mainly due to an increase in large cholesterol-rich
LDL
particles, while small
plus
medium
LDL
and total
/
HDL cholesterol levels are not affected by protein sources. figure
|
blood lipid levels change Therefore, meat protein intake increases LDL cholesterol and lipoprotein

levels in healthy people compared to non-meat protein intake, in addition to high intake of saturated fatty acids can have a similar effect. The study suggests that reducing the intake of meat protein and saturated fatty acids may help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. authors,
"
" has not previously compared the effects of red, white and plant proteins on blood cholesterol. It was thought that red meat had a greater effect on blood cholesterol levels, but this was not the case. When saturated fat levels are comparable, their effects on cholesterol are the same.
” For meat-based populations, it is recommended to consciously increase the intake of fruits and vegetables in the diet, while
the
of SFA. Compared to animal protein dietary patterns, total cholesterol,
LDL-C and levels can be significantly reduced whether it's a general vegetarian, a egg milk vegetarian, or a
vegetarian diet. Therefore, the concentration of
LDL-C
and
apoB
can be reduced by changing dietary patterns, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and replacing animal proteins with plant-based proteins and saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids. there is no totally bad food, only inappropriate dietary structure and eating methods. According to the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents, fish, poultry, eggs, lean meat intake should be moderate, eat fish
280
to
525g
, livestock meat
280
to
525g
, eggs
280
to
350g
. And eat meat to try to follow the three
"
less
"
principle: eat less skin, eat less internal organs, eat less processed meat. Fish, milk, eggs, vegetables with food, better nutrition balance. reference: . Denke MA. Role of beef and beef tallow, an enriched source of stearic acid, in a cholesterol-lowering diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994; 60(6):1044S-9S. [2] Morgan SA, Sinclair AJ, O
’
Dea K. Effect on serum lipids of addition of safflower oil or olive oil to very-low-fat diets rich in lean beef. J Am Diet Assoc. 1993; 93(6):644-8. [3] Pierre F, Tache S, Petit CR, et al. Meat and cancer: haemoglobin and haemin in a low-calcium diet promote colorectal carcinogenesis at the aberrant crypt stage in rats. Carcinogenesis. 2003; 10:1683-90. [4] Astrand I, Astrand PO, Christensen EH, et al. Myohemoglobinas an oxygen-store in man. Acta physiologica Scandinavica. 1960:454-60. [5] Nathalie Bergeron, Sally Chiu, Paul T Williams, st al. Effects of red meat, white meat, and nonmeat protein sources on atherogenic lipoprotein measures in the context of low compared with high saturated fat intake: a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume. 2019.07; 110(1):24-33.