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Image credit: Diogo Matias, Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre For the Unknown Translated by Liu Yuchang, Edited by Qi Yiyin, the sense of smell has the ability to span time and space, whether it is the sweet scent of jasmine or the moist smell of algae, it seems to be a sudden change.
Take it back to your childhood home, or take it to the burning sun of a distant coast
.
The connection between smell and location seems to be deeply ingrained in human cognition, but how are the two connected in the brain? A study published in the journal Nature on December 22 offered a potential explanation
.
The neural connection between smell and space Cindy Poo, the first author of the study, said: “Smell molecules themselves do not carry spatial information
.
But wild animals use odors for spatial navigation and memory, which enables them to find important resources such as food
.
We want to understand the neural basis of these behaviors, so we decided to study how the brain combines smell and spatial information
.
"Researchers focus on the primary olfactory cortex
.
Zachary Mainen, the lead researcher of the Champalimaud Centre For the Unknown in Portugal and the senior author of the study, said: “The olfactory system is unique among the senses.
Only smell is directly related to the hippocampus system involved in memory and navigation.
Interconnected
.
"Hippocampal neurons are known as "location cells"
.
Each cell is activated at a specific location in the environment, and these neurons collectively encode the entire area, effectively creating a spatial neural map
.
Scientists discovered hippocampal cells in rats, which gave rise to the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
.
This result is so reliable that scientists only need to observe the activity of these cells to determine the location of the animal
.
Poo said: "We know that the hippocampus system sends signals to the primary olfactory cortex, so we suspect that the function of this brain area may be more than distinguishing different odors
.
To
test olfactory neurons to verify this idea, the researchers designed it for mice with a sensitive sense of smell.
A puzzle
.
Let the mice sniff the odor samples at the four ends of a plus sign-shaped maze, and then find the location to hide the reward based on the odor
.
Poo explained: “In this task, the mice must learn and remember the smell and Accurate association of location
.
"When the animals solved this problem, the researchers monitored the activity of neurons in the posterior piriform cortex of the primary olfactory cortex
.
Mainen explained: "Neurons communicate through electrical impulses, recording hundreds of neurons in this area of the brain.
From the electrical signals, we decode the activities that specific neurons are responsible for
.
For example, when an animal smells a certain smell, or when it is in a certain position in the maze, do these neurons become active
?
"Poo said: "The results exceeded our expectations
.
We predict that some neurons in the olfactory cortex may be related to localization to a certain extent
.
However, by carefully studying the activities of neurons in the olfactory cortex when animals navigate the maze, we found that these neurons have mastered the entire environmental map
.
Researchers on the spatial map of olfactory neuron coding have discovered a large number of neurons that resemble hippocampal cells, and these neurons become active when the mouse is in a specific position in the maze
.
Interestingly, this map does not evenly cover the entire environment
.
To a large extent, it is limited to locations in the maze that have behavioral significance: locations where animals experience smells and receive rewards
.
Mainen added: "Animals seem to recognize important positions through experience and compile them into the map
.
It is worth noting that even if the mouse just walks around and does not participate in the task, these cells in the olfactory system will not When the smell exists, it starts to react at a specific location
.
"The mechanism of the smell in space is the way we form memories and associate certain smells with specific locations? Poo said: "We found that some neurons respond to odors, while others respond to positions, and some neurons respond to both types of information to varying degrees
.
All these different neurons Mixed together and may be connected to each other
.
It
can be speculated that we can activate olfactory spatial associations through the activities of this neural network
.
” Mainen said: “This research also opens up a fan for understanding how the senses serve navigation and memory.
A new window
.
Humans rely more on visual landmarks than odors, but it is likely that how we remember where we have been and where we are going is based on very similar principles
.
Original link: https:// Cover image source: Pixabay paper information [Title] Spatial maps in piriform cortex during olfactory navigation [Author] Cindy Poo, Gautam Agarwal, Niccolò Bonacchi, Zachary F.
Mainen [Journal] Nature [Time] 2021.
12.
22 [DOI] 10.
1038/s41586-021-04242-3 [Link] https:// [Abstract] Odours are a fundamental part of the sensory environment used by animals to guide behaviours such as foraging and navigation1,2.
Primary olfactory (piriform) cortex is thought to be the main cortical region for encoding odour identity3,4,5,6,7, 8.
Here, using neural ensemble recordings in freely moving rats performing an odour-cued spatial choice task, we show that posterior piriform cortex neurons carry a robust spatial representation of the environment.
Piriform spatial learned representations have features of a learned cognitive map,being most prominent near odour ports, stable across behavioural contexts and independent of olfactory drive or reward availability.
The accuracy of spatial information carried by individual piriform neurons was predicted by the strength of their functional coupling to the hippocampal theta rhythm.
Ensembles of piriform neurons concurrently represented odour identity as well as spatial locations of animals, forming an odour--place map.
Our results reveal a function for piriform cortex in spatial cognition and suggest that it is well-suited to form odour--place associations and guide olfactory-cued spatial navigation .
The accuracy of spatial information carried by individual piriform neurons was predicted by the strength of their functional coupling to the hippocampal theta rhythm.
Ensembles of piriform neurons concurrently represented odour identity as well as spatial locations of animals, forming an odour--place map.
Our results reveal a function for piriform cortex in spatial cognition and suggest that it is well-suited to form odour–place associations and guide olfactory-cued spatial navigation.
The accuracy of spatial information carried by individual piriform neurons was predicted by the strength of their functional coupling to the hippocampal theta rhythm.
Ensembles of piriform neurons concurrently represented odour identity as well as spatial locations of animals, forming an odour--place map.
Our results reveal a function for piriform cortex in spatial cognition and suggest that it is well-suited to form odour–place associations and guide olfactory-cued spatial navigation.
Our results reveal a function for piriform cortex in spatial cognition and suggest that it is well-suited to form odour–place associations and guide olfactory-cued spatial navigation.
Our results reveal a function for piriform cortex in spatial cognition and suggest that it is well-suited to form odour–place associations and guide olfactory-cued spatial navigation.
Take it back to your childhood home, or take it to the burning sun of a distant coast
.
The connection between smell and location seems to be deeply ingrained in human cognition, but how are the two connected in the brain? A study published in the journal Nature on December 22 offered a potential explanation
.
The neural connection between smell and space Cindy Poo, the first author of the study, said: “Smell molecules themselves do not carry spatial information
.
But wild animals use odors for spatial navigation and memory, which enables them to find important resources such as food
.
We want to understand the neural basis of these behaviors, so we decided to study how the brain combines smell and spatial information
.
"Researchers focus on the primary olfactory cortex
.
Zachary Mainen, the lead researcher of the Champalimaud Centre For the Unknown in Portugal and the senior author of the study, said: “The olfactory system is unique among the senses.
Only smell is directly related to the hippocampus system involved in memory and navigation.
Interconnected
.
"Hippocampal neurons are known as "location cells"
.
Each cell is activated at a specific location in the environment, and these neurons collectively encode the entire area, effectively creating a spatial neural map
.
Scientists discovered hippocampal cells in rats, which gave rise to the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
.
This result is so reliable that scientists only need to observe the activity of these cells to determine the location of the animal
.
Poo said: "We know that the hippocampus system sends signals to the primary olfactory cortex, so we suspect that the function of this brain area may be more than distinguishing different odors
.
To
test olfactory neurons to verify this idea, the researchers designed it for mice with a sensitive sense of smell.
A puzzle
.
Let the mice sniff the odor samples at the four ends of a plus sign-shaped maze, and then find the location to hide the reward based on the odor
.
Poo explained: “In this task, the mice must learn and remember the smell and Accurate association of location
.
"When the animals solved this problem, the researchers monitored the activity of neurons in the posterior piriform cortex of the primary olfactory cortex
.
Mainen explained: "Neurons communicate through electrical impulses, recording hundreds of neurons in this area of the brain.
From the electrical signals, we decode the activities that specific neurons are responsible for
.
For example, when an animal smells a certain smell, or when it is in a certain position in the maze, do these neurons become active
?
"Poo said: "The results exceeded our expectations
.
We predict that some neurons in the olfactory cortex may be related to localization to a certain extent
.
However, by carefully studying the activities of neurons in the olfactory cortex when animals navigate the maze, we found that these neurons have mastered the entire environmental map
.
Researchers on the spatial map of olfactory neuron coding have discovered a large number of neurons that resemble hippocampal cells, and these neurons become active when the mouse is in a specific position in the maze
.
Interestingly, this map does not evenly cover the entire environment
.
To a large extent, it is limited to locations in the maze that have behavioral significance: locations where animals experience smells and receive rewards
.
Mainen added: "Animals seem to recognize important positions through experience and compile them into the map
.
It is worth noting that even if the mouse just walks around and does not participate in the task, these cells in the olfactory system will not When the smell exists, it starts to react at a specific location
.
"The mechanism of the smell in space is the way we form memories and associate certain smells with specific locations? Poo said: "We found that some neurons respond to odors, while others respond to positions, and some neurons respond to both types of information to varying degrees
.
All these different neurons Mixed together and may be connected to each other
.
It
can be speculated that we can activate olfactory spatial associations through the activities of this neural network
.
” Mainen said: “This research also opens up a fan for understanding how the senses serve navigation and memory.
A new window
.
Humans rely more on visual landmarks than odors, but it is likely that how we remember where we have been and where we are going is based on very similar principles
.
Original link: https:// Cover image source: Pixabay paper information [Title] Spatial maps in piriform cortex during olfactory navigation [Author] Cindy Poo, Gautam Agarwal, Niccolò Bonacchi, Zachary F.
Mainen [Journal] Nature [Time] 2021.
12.
22 [DOI] 10.
1038/s41586-021-04242-3 [Link] https:// [Abstract] Odours are a fundamental part of the sensory environment used by animals to guide behaviours such as foraging and navigation1,2.
Primary olfactory (piriform) cortex is thought to be the main cortical region for encoding odour identity3,4,5,6,7, 8.
Here, using neural ensemble recordings in freely moving rats performing an odour-cued spatial choice task, we show that posterior piriform cortex neurons carry a robust spatial representation of the environment.
Piriform spatial learned representations have features of a learned cognitive map,being most prominent near odour ports, stable across behavioural contexts and independent of olfactory drive or reward availability.
The accuracy of spatial information carried by individual piriform neurons was predicted by the strength of their functional coupling to the hippocampal theta rhythm.
Ensembles of piriform neurons concurrently represented odour identity as well as spatial locations of animals, forming an odour--place map.
Our results reveal a function for piriform cortex in spatial cognition and suggest that it is well-suited to form odour--place associations and guide olfactory-cued spatial navigation .
The accuracy of spatial information carried by individual piriform neurons was predicted by the strength of their functional coupling to the hippocampal theta rhythm.
Ensembles of piriform neurons concurrently represented odour identity as well as spatial locations of animals, forming an odour--place map.
Our results reveal a function for piriform cortex in spatial cognition and suggest that it is well-suited to form odour–place associations and guide olfactory-cued spatial navigation.
The accuracy of spatial information carried by individual piriform neurons was predicted by the strength of their functional coupling to the hippocampal theta rhythm.
Ensembles of piriform neurons concurrently represented odour identity as well as spatial locations of animals, forming an odour--place map.
Our results reveal a function for piriform cortex in spatial cognition and suggest that it is well-suited to form odour–place associations and guide olfactory-cued spatial navigation.
Our results reveal a function for piriform cortex in spatial cognition and suggest that it is well-suited to form odour–place associations and guide olfactory-cued spatial navigation.
Our results reveal a function for piriform cortex in spatial cognition and suggest that it is well-suited to form odour–place associations and guide olfactory-cued spatial navigation.
