What does GEM stand for in 10X single-cell sequencing?

It refers to a mixture comprising gel beads embedded with barcodes, cells, and reaction reagents—all encapsulated within an oil droplet.

A comprehensive guide to domestic and international standards and operational procedures for testing water-repellent textile finishes.

Currently, China primarily employs four categories of standard methods for testing the performance of water- and oil-repellent textile finishes: U.S. standards (AATCC and ASTM), European standards (ISO), Chinese national and industry standards (GB/T and FZ/T), and laboratory-specific standards (e.g., BV, 3M, and ITS). For export products, standards are selected based on customers’ preferences and requirements—typically U.S., European, or laboratory-specific standards. Specific test parameters are determined according to product specifications but generally fall into three categories: water repellency (i.e., water resistance), oil repellency, and soil release. Water repellency/resistance tests include four main indicators: rain shower penetration, surface water repellency (spray test), water droplet repellency, and hydrostatic pressure resistance. Oil repellency testing mainly assesses resistance to oil droplets. Soil release testing involves applying oil or other contaminants onto the fabric, followed by washing under specified conditions, and then evaluating residual staining. Occasionally, when assessing moisture vapor transmission performance of water-repellent finished textiles, testing must follow the customer-specified procedure and method—using a moisture permeability cup to conduct either an evaporation method or an absorption method test.