BP: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022

1. In 2021, global energy demand and carbon emissions largely rebounded to pre-pandemic (2019) levels, reversing the temporary decline observed in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, global primary energy demand rose by 5.8%, exceeding the 2019 level by 1.3%. Between 2019 and 2021, renewable energy increased by over 8 exajoules (EJ). Fossil fuel consumption remained essentially unchanged. Last year, fossil fuels accounted for 82% of primary energy use—down from 83% in 2019 and 85% five years earlier. The rise in carbon emissions in 2021 was driven by the economic recovery. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from energy consumption, industrial processes, combustion, and methane (expressed in CO₂-equivalent terms) rose by 5.7% in 2021, reaching 39 billion tonnes of CO₂-equivalent. Emissions from the energy sector increased by 5.9% year-on-year to 33.9 billion tonnes of CO₂-equivalent—nearly back to the 2019 level. Methane emissions, CO₂ emissions from industrial processes, and combustion-related emissions rose by comparatively smaller margins of 4.6% and 2.9%, respectively. 2. Global oil demand in 2021 remained below the 2019 level. Global oil production rose by 1.4 million barrels per day (bpd) in 2021, over three-quarters of which came from OPEC+. The average oil price stood at USD 70.91 per barrel—the second-highest annual average since 2015. Oil consumption increased by 5.3 million bpd but remained 3.7 million bpd below the 2019 level. Most of this consumption growth came from gasoline (+1.8 million bpd) and diesel/gas oil (+1.3 million bpd). Regionally, the largest increases occurred in the United States (+1.5 million bpd), China (+1.3 million bpd), and the European Union (+0.57 million bpd). 3. Global natural gas demand rose by 5.3% in 2021, surpassing pre-pandemic (2019) levels for the first time and exceeding 4 trillion cubic meters. Global liquefied natural gas (LNG) supply grew by 5.6% in 2021, reaching 516 billion cubic meters—the lowest annual growth rate since 2015 (excluding 2020). U.S. LNG supply increased by 34 billion cubic meters—accounting for nearly all of the global增量—and offset declines from other Atlantic Basin gas exporters. China overtook Japan to become the world’s largest LNG importer, accounting for nearly 60% of global LNG demand growth in 2021. Pipeline natural gas exports from Algeria to Europe constituted the largest incremental source of pipeline gas supply to Europe, followed by Azerbaijan. Russia’s pipeline gas supplies to Europe remained broadly stable at 167 billion cubic meters in 2021, though exports to EU countries fell by 8.2%. Global natural gas prices rebounded strongly in 2021: European TTF, Asian JKM, and U.S. Henry Hub prices rose by approximately fourfold, twofold, and onefold, respectively. 4. Global coal consumption rose by over 6% in 2021, reaching 160 exajoules—the highest level since 2014. China and India together accounted for over 70% of the growth in coal demand in 2021, with respective increases of 3.7 EJ and 2.7 EJ.

Comprehensive Overview of Algeria’s International Oil & Gas Cooperation Contract Models—In-Depth Analysis of Resource Distribution, Legal Evolution, and Practical Application (Part II)

1. Rhourde El Baguel (REB) Field (Eastern Illizi Basin) The Rhourde El Baguel field is located in the southeastern Illizi Basin of Algeria and exemplifies the long-standing cooperation between Sonatrach—the Algerian national oil company—and TotalEnergies. Their collaboration is governed by an Association Contract (Contrat d’Association), under which Sonatrach holds a 51% stake and serves as operator, while TotalEnergies holds the remaining 49%. The contract’s initial term was 25 years (until 2024); in 2022, it was extended by 10 years to 2034, following approval by Sonatrach’s Board of Directors. In terms of investment and development, Total has invested over USD 3 billion in the field, including launching a secondary recovery project in 2018. Crude oil production is allocated proportionally to equity shares, and Total bears 49% of operational costs. According to Sonatrach’s 2023 Annual Report, the field produced approximately 68,000 barrels per day (bpd) in 2023; Total also oversees enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies in the REB South block. Notably, in 2016, amid a sharp global oil price decline, Total applied to suspend part of its investment obligations; the request was jointly approved by Sonatrach and Algeria’s Ministry of Energy, resulting in an adjusted work program. More recently, in October 2022, Sonatrach signed an approximately USD 400 million EPC contract with Italy’s Tecnimont to construct a new LPG extraction plant at the REB field. Designed to process 10 million cubic meters of gas per day, the plant will produce 1,000 tonnes of LPG, 300 tonnes of condensate, and 8.7 million cubic meters of natural gas daily. Concurrently, Sonatrach’s subsidiary ENAC secured the pipeline construction contract to build a new 65-kilometer, 14-inch pipeline delivering LPG to the LR1 network at Hassi Messaoud. 2. Ourhoud Field (Oued Mya Sub-Basin, Ouargla Basin) The Ourhoud field lies within Algeria’s Oued Mya Basin and is one of the country’s key oil-producing assets. Its cooperation contract was signed in 2004, initially establishing an equal 50–50 equity split between Spain’s Repsol and Sonatrach. Following the enactment of Algeria’s Hydrocarbons Law No. 05-07 in 2005—which mandated that Sonatrach hold no less than 51% equity in hydrocarbon projects—the parties revised the contract in 2010 to reflect a 51% stake for Sonatrach (as operator) and 49% for Repsol. In terms of investment and development, Repsol has invested approximately USD 2.2 billion, including implementing a production enhancement project in 2015. By deploying advanced secondary recovery techniques—including horizontal drilling and water injection—the field’s recovery factor has improved to 38% (per Repsol’s 2019 Technical Brief).

Algeria grants BP prospecting rights in eastern basin to boost exploration

Apr 14, 2026

Algeria granted BP prospecting rights in its eastern basin to explore underexplored hydrocarbon resources through preliminary surveys. This initiative aims to attract international investment and assess energy potential using advanced technologies before extraction permits are issued.

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