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Neurosporaxanthin Production by Neurospora and Fusarium
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
The orange pigmentation of the ascomycete fungiNeurospora andFusarium is mainly due to the accumulation of neurosporaxanthin, a carboxylic apocarotenoid whose possible biotechnological applications have not been investigated.
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Food-Grade Corynebacteria for Enzyme Production
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Using genetic manipulation techniques, several corynebacteria strains expressing genes coding for hydrolytic enzymes or proteins have been constructed in different laboratories.
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Preparation of Cell-Wall Fractions from Mycobacteria
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Research extending over 50 years has implicated various components of the mycobacterial cell-wall matrix in many host responses associated with tuberculosis and other mycobacterioses ( 1 ). The obser
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High-Level Periplasmic Expression and Purification of scFvs
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Such an approach is particularly suitable because of the domain structure of the Ab molecule, where functional domains carrying antigen (Ag)-binding activities (Fabs or Fvs) or effector functions (Fcs) can be exchanged between Abs. Furthermore, genetically truncated versions of Ab can be produced, ranging in size from the smallest Ag-binding unit or Fv, to Fab′ and F(ab′) 2 s.
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Ribosomal RNA Probes for Detection and Identification of Species
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
An alternative, more general approach is to choose a gene represented in a large spectrum of organisms but exhib iting sequence variation among closely related species or groups of species.
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Stochastic Analysis of Gene Expression
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
In this chapter, stochasticity in gene expression is investigated using -expansion technique.
All of these theoretical analyses may provide a basic framework for understanding stochastic gene expression.
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Application of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis to Microbial Ecology
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) are techniques based on the separation of polymerase chain reaction ( PCR )-amplified gene fragments, not according to size, but owing to variation in the targeted nucleotide sequences.
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Effects of Estrogen Administration on the Colonization Capability of Lactobacilli and Escherichia coli in the Urinary Tracts of Mice
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
The characteristics of the strains proposed as probiotics have been published ( 3 ) or patented under an elaboration process ( 4 – 6 ).
The first step in designing a probiotic product is to isolate and characterize strains with some beneficial properties.
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Detection of Toxigenic Clostridia
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Clostridia are anaerobic spore-forming bacteria that are widespread in the environment.
Toxins as the main virulence factors are responsible for all symptoms and lesions observed in clostridial diseases.
Consequently, toxins are the main target for diagnosis of clostridial diseases, as well as the basis for efficient vaccines.
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Gene Transfer by Electroporation of Filamentous Fungi
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
The filamentous fungi are emerging as a source of suitable hosts for expression of mammalian and other eukaryotic genes to yield products of commercial interest.
There is a great deal of interest in the potential for the use of filamentous fungi as biocontrol agents—as antagonists of other fungal phytopathogens, as bioherbicides and bioinsecticides.
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Isolation of Mycobacterium Species Genomic DNA
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Regardless of the approach, the end points remain efficient breaking of the complex mycobacterial cell wall and release of high-quality DNA that is suitable for manipulation and analyses by molecular genetic techniques.
This chapter providers detailed methods for the large and small isolation of mycobacterial genomic DNA.
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Quality in the Molecular Microbiology Laboratory
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
This chapter focuses on the key quality assurance and quality control requirements within the modern microbiology laboratory providing molecular diagnostics.
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Recovery of Mycoplasmas from Birds
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Mycoplasmas are important causes of disease and loss of production in intensively reared poultry, particularly in those that are under environmental stress ( 1 ).
Mycoplasma synoviae affects chickens and turkeys and, under some circumstances, can contribute toward respiratory disease, whereas in heavy birds, it may cause synovitis and arthritis.
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HPLC Methods for Purification of Antimicrobial Peptides
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
The advent of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has greatly accelerated the discovery, purification, and characterization of antimicrobial peptides.
Virtually every modern study of an antimicrobial peptide includes or was preceded by a description of its purification.
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Meat-Model System Development for Antibacterial Activity Determination
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
The ability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to compete and finally dominate in mixed fermentations has been attributed to the production of several antimicrobial metabolites such as organic acids, carbon dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, diacetyl, and bacteriocins ( 2 , 3 ).
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Construction of Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses Using Leporipoxvirus-Catalyzed Recombination and Reactivation of Orthopoxvirus DNA
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
However, infectious virus can be produced if purified poxvirus DNA is transfected into cells previously infected with another poxvirus.
These heterologous reactivation reactions can be used to manipulate the structure of virus genomes and produce viruses that express recombinant proteins at high levels.
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From Metabolic Reactions to Networks and Pathways
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Enzymatic reactions form a hypergraph structure and their translation into a graph structure accompanies an information loss.
This chapter introduces well-known topological transformations from metabolic reactions to a graph, and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
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Kits for Detection of Food Poisoning Toxins Produced by Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Bacterial toxins can be detected using tissue culture assays or biochemical techniques; however, these methods are expensive and may be slow to give a result.
Commercial immunoassay kits that detect bacterial toxins are easy to use and quick to produce results.
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Identification and Isolation of Synovial Dendritic Cells
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
The methods given are based on cell sorting for isolation of cells, and flow cytometry and immunohistochemical staining for analysis of cells.
By flow cytometry, DC can then be analyzed or sorted based on two- or three-color immunofluorescence.
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Detection of Cytokines in Tears
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
During these changes the protein and lipid components of the tear film have been shown to alter dramatically.
On the other hand, secretory IgA, the predominant immunoglobulin in tears, is a constitutively secreted protein, i.e., its concentration alters during changes in lacrimation ( 1 ).
