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Standard Protocols for the Construction of Fab Libraries
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
The isolation of Fabs from combinatorial libraries is thus valuable in contributing to the understanding of Ab-Ag interactions, as well as the nature of the in vivo immune response.
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Lepidopteran Insect Cell Line Isolation from Insect Tissue
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
This chapter describes procedures for initiating new cell lines from lepidopteran larval tissues.
The internal morphology is described along with methods for treating excised tissues and the primary cultures.
Advice on culture medium and the tissues that will provide the best chance for new cell lines is discussed.
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Gene Replacement in Mycobacterium smegmatis Using a Dominant Negative Selectable Marker
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
At least 25 gene products (RecA, helicases, nucleases, ligases, single-strand binding protein, etc.) are involved in the process of homologous recombination.
Homologous recombination can occur at any site in the chromosome between homologous, but not necessarily identical,DNA duplexes.
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Immunofluorescence of Parasites
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Immunofluorescence, as the name suggests, involves the visualization of proteins and structures within cells using antibodies as fluorescent probes.
Vast numbers of cells can be processed and observed in a single experiment; 2.
Immunofluorescence facilitates the observation of individual cells and differences among them; and3.
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Nutritional Status of Grape Juice
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Individually or collectively, these factors may impact both yeast growth and the conversion rate of sugar to alcohol, leading not only to the formation of objectionable odor- and flavor-active metabolites but, potentially, protracted, incomplete, or “stuck” fermentations as well.
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Analysis of Cytomegalovirus Ligands, Receptors, and the Entry Pathway
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Entry of enveloped viruses into mammalian cells requires that the virus attach to the host cell surface through an interaction between an envelope component and a cellular molecule that serves as a receptor.
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Microbial Proteomics Using Mass Spectrometry
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Proteomic analyses involve a series of intricate, interdependent steps involving approaches and technical issues that must be fully coordinated to obtain the optimal amount of required information about the test subject.
This fortunate occurrence creates an essential core of proteomic approaches and techniques that are consistently available for most studies, regardless of test subject.
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Measurement of Cytokines in Seminal Plasma
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
The main proinflammatory cytokines are tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6.
The first cytokine produced after immunologic challenge is TNF-α, which induces the production of IL-1 followed by IL-6.
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Ultrastructural Analysis of BacteriaHost Cell Interactions
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Applications for electron microscopy in bacterial pathogenesis range from discovering etiologic agents and following chronological events during infections by conventional examination of clinical samples to assessing molecular host–cell responses to infection and in situ interactions between receptors and ligands using specific immune-labeling techniques.
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Mouse Models of Helicobacter-Induced Gastric Cancer: Use of Cocarcinogens
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Furthermore, consistent with the known influence of host and environmental factors in human gastric cancer, it is possible to manipulate the type and severity of gastric lesions in mouseHelicobacter infection models through the use of different mouse genetic backgrounds and/or by the administration of known cocarcinogens, such as alkylating agents (e.g.,N -nitroso- N -methylurea), or even elevated quantities of dietary salt.
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Identification of Immunoreactive Viral Proteins
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Finally, the specificity of serological assays can also be reduced by contaminating proteins from host cells.
However, the low concentration of most viral proteins in cell culture-derived antigen preparations reduces the practicability of this approach.
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Oligonucleotide Microarrays for Bacteriophage Expression Studies
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
This chapter aims to provide an overview of how to design and implement a microarray experiment to investigate phage biology.
In this chapter, we outline the basic theory behind microarrays and provide details on how to implement a microarray experiment from the design of oligonucleotide probes through to the hybridisation of microarrays.
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Analysis of Interleukin-2 Signaling Using Affinity Precipitations and Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
It is responsible for the growth of T cells and thus plays an important role in the proper functioning of the immune system.
The γ- chain is shared with a number of other cytokines such as IL-3 and IL-7, which also play a role in cell growth ( 2 ).
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The Halogen Assay — A New Technique for Measuring Airborne Allergen
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
The Halogen assay allows direct observation of the particles that carry the allergen as well as being capable of identifying all the allergen sources an individual is exposed and sensitized to.
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Detection of Cytokines in Tears
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
During these changes the protein and lipid components of the tear film have been shown to alter dramatically.
On the other hand, secretory IgA, the predominant immunoglobulin in tears, is a constitutively secreted protein, i.e., its concentration alters during changes in lacrimation ( 1 ).
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Methods for In Vivo and In Vitro Analysis of Innate Immune Responses to Helicobacter pylori Infection
Time of Update: 2021-02-20
pylori induces a chronic innate immune response that is thought to contribute to gastric complications.
pylori , it is important to study the innate immune responses that result from the infection.
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Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis for Mycobacteria
Time of Update: 2021-02-20
The introduction of pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was a major breakthrough in the field of genome research ( 1 ), allowing the analysis of whole procaryotic and eucaryotic chromosomes. This
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Poxviruses
Time of Update: 2021-02-20
Poxviruses are large, double-strandedDNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The familyPoxviridae is divided into two subfamilies, theEntomopoxvirinae of insects and theChor
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Microbial Community Profiling Using Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)
Time of Update: 2021-02-20
The application of molecular biology approaches holds the advantage of including culture-difficult and as-yet-uncultivated phylotypes in the profiles, providing a more comprehensive picture of the microbial community.
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An Array Biosensor for Detection of Bacterial and Toxic Contaminants of Foods
Time of Update: 2021-02-20
Sandwich fluoroimmunoassays are performed on the surface of a patterned microscope slide that acts as an optical waveguide.
Fluorescence from immunocomplexes formed on the slide surface is excited using the evanescent field, an electromagnetic component of light, and the pattern of fluorescence is imaged using a charge-coupled device camera.
