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Preparation and Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Biomass Hydrolysates for Growth by Ethanologenic Yeasts
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
To study the effects of these compounds on fermentation performance, the production of various hydrolysates with diverse inhibitory effects is of importance.
A platform of methods that generates hydrolysates through four different ways and tests their inhibitory effects using Bioscreen C Analyzer growth tests is described here.
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Novel Approach in the Biosynthesis of Functional Carotenoids in Escherichia coli
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Thus, the synthesis of useful carotenoids with metabolic pathway-engineered microorganisms should offer an alternative and promising approach for their efficient production.
Here, we describe a novel method for an efficient production of such carotenoids, usingE.
coli cells that carry heterologous mevalonate pathway-based genes.
coli cells carrying only the lycopene-producing plasmid.
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Monitoring Autophagy in Dictyostelium
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation mechanism essential for cell survival and maintenance of cellular homeostasis, differentiation, and development.
We describe here the use of confocal microscopy to detect the pattern of different autophagic markers and the differences expected in strains deficient in autophagy.
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Volatile Sulfur Detection in Fermented Foods
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
This chapter describes the use headspace analysis with cryofocusing to detect low levels (ppb) of volatile sulfur compounds produced via fermentation of milk.
Milk is a good sample of a difficult substrate that reacts with volatile compounds and is reflective of the level of difficulty for this analysis.
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Adenovirus DNA Packaging: Construction and Analysis of Viral Mutants
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
The adenovirus particle contains minimally 12 distinct virus-encoded proteins ( 1 ) (the structural proteins: hexon, penton, fiber, IIIa, VI, VIII, and IX; the core proteins: V, VII and μ; and the nonstructural proteins: proteinase and terminal protein).
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Algorithms for Systematic Identification of Small Subgraphs
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
In cancer research for example, one is able to derive knowledge about putative drug targets by revealing the strengths and weaknesses inherent in a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network.
In addition, the study of biological networks is now an active part of molecular biology.
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Other spirochetes
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
First, for the return of the thermal helix, lice as the medium of transmission, causing the epidemic of regression fever, the domestic epidemic is mainly the return of this kind of heat.
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Purification of Dendritic Cells from Peripheral Blood
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
It is well established that dendritic cells (DC) exhibit different phenotypes and functions as they progress down the developmental pathway toward interdigitating DC that stimulate T cells in the secondary lymphoid tissue ( 1 ).
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Morphological and Molecular Genetic Analysis of Epigenetic Switching of the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Here, we describe basic methods to discriminate between white and opaque switching variants, based on cellular and macroscopic morphologies, expression levels of phase-specific transcripts, Wor1 protein levels, as well as quantitative mating assays.
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Polioviruses: Concurrent Serotyping and Intratypic Differentiation of Polioviruses
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Enteroviruses multiply in the alimentary tract but can spread to other organs and cause a variety of diseases, which depending on the individual enterovirus type, include poliomyelitis, aseptic meningitis, rashes, respiratory illness, eye disease, and cardiac disease.
Rhinoviruses multiply in the respiratory tract and are one cause of the common cold.
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DNA Microarray to Analyze AdenovirusHost Interactions
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
DNA chips allow high-throughput evaluation of the profile of transduced cells and have contributed to underlining specific aspects of vector toxicity both in in vitro and in vivo assets.
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Molecular Biology Methods for Detection and Identification of Cryptosporidium Species in Feces, Water, and Shellfish
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
A number of fairly standard target genes have been assessed as detection targets, including 18 S rRNA, microsatellites, and heat-shock (stress) proteins.
Methodology based on adaptation of commercial kits has been developed and successfully employed to recover amplifiable DNA directly from water, food (particularly seafood), and fecal samples.
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Purification of Antilisterial Bacteriocins
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) extensively used in fermented foods for thousands of years not only improve their flavor and texture but also inhibit pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms.
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Clostridium difficile Toxinotyping
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Strains with changes in PaLoc are defined as variant toxinotypes and currently 27 such groups are recognized (I to XXVII).
Toxinotype 0 includes strains with PaLoc identical to the reference laboratory strain VPI 10463.
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Detection of Mycoplasmas in Cell Culture by Fluorescence Methods
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
The fluorescence stains used most often for mycoplasma detection are DNA binding fluorochromes (DNAFs) and fluoresceinated antibodies.
DNAFs will bind to any appropriately conformed DNA that is present in a sample preparation and are, therefore, not specific for mycoplasmas.
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Construction of Unmarked Deletion Mutants in Mycobacteria
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Site-specific recombinases such as theSaccharomyces cerevisiae Flp and the P1 phage Cre proteins have been increasingly used for the construction of unmarked deletions in bacteria.
In this chapter, we describe strategies and methods of how to use sequence-specific recombination mediated by Flp and Cre to construct mutants ofMycobacterium smegmatis ,Mycobacterium bovis BCG, andMycobacterium tuberculosis .
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Comparative Genomics of the Dictyostelids
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
The complete genomes ofDictyostelium discoideum ,Dictyostelium purpureum ,Polysphondylium pallidum andDictyostelium fasciculatum have been sequenced.
The proteins predicted to be encoded by the genes in each species have been compared to each other as well as to the complete compilation of nonredundant proteins from bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals.
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Colonization Capability of Lactobacilli and Pathogens in the Respiratory Tract of Mice: Microbiological, Cytological, Structural, and Ultrastructural Studies
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Those produced byStreptococcus pneumoniae are reported to have the highest incidence in the world, affecting both children and old people.
Respiratory tract infections in the developing countries in the Americas are among the first three causes of death in children under 1 yr and between the first and second cause in children between 1 and 4 yr old.
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Transposon Mutagenesis in Mycobacteria Using Conditionally Replicating Mycobacteriophages
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Two basic methodologies have been used to generate mutant libraries in both fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria: chemical mutagenesis and transposon mutagenesis.
A detailed chemical mutagenesis protocol for the generation of mutant libraries in the fast-growing mycobacteria can be found in the previous volume of this manual ( 5 ).
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Antibody Phage Display: Overview of a Powerful Technology that Has Quickly Translated to the Clinic
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
A diverse library of recombinant antibodies is generated in this way and can then be exposed or panned on the antigen of interest, typically, this being a molecule associated with a particular pathological condition.
