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Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Pseudotypes of Retroviruses
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Pseudotype viruses are phenotypically mixed virions containing the genome or nucleocapsid of one enveloped virus and the surface or envelope ( env ) glycoproteins of another. This chapter will conce
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Regulation of Murine Interferon Regulatory Factor Gene Expression in the Central Nervous System Determined by Multiprobe RNase Protection Assay
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
We sought to examine the expression and regulation of the IRF genes in a number of different murine models for immune- or virally induced central nervous system disease.
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The Use of Peptide Nucleic Acids in Surface Plasmon Resonance for Detection of Red Tide Algae
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
There is a need for low-cost, rapid, and accurate detection of harmful organisms.
We have developed a method for RNA detection ofAlexandrium using a portable surface plasmon resonance biosensing instrument and peptide nucleic acid probes.
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Infection of Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages With Coxiella burnetii
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
burnetii productively infect human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and replicate with approximately the same kinetics, thereby providing a more physiologically relevant in vitro model system to study the infectious process of this pathogen.
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Methods to Determine Proteolytic Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are considered weakly proleolytic when compared with many other groups of bacteria (e.g.,Bacillus, Proteus, Pseudomonas ). However, most strains of LAB rely on a complex p
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Vaccinia Virus as an Expression Vector
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Vaccinia virus (Vv) is a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, one of seven genera included in the family Poxviridae.
Most of these viruses infect vertebrates (Orthopoxvirus, Avipoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, Leporipoxvirus, Suipoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus), but one genus, Entomopoxvirus, infects insects.
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Molecular Identification of Nematode Worms From Seafood (Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp.) and Meat (Trichinella spp.)
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
PCR amplification of ITS1 and ITS2 regions, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), allows for the distinction among species of the generaAnisakis andPseudoterranova .
ForTrichinella worms, a multiplex PCR analysis can be used to distinguish among the eight recognized species and four genotypes ( Trichinella T6 and three populations ofT.
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Phage Replication Technology for Diagnosis and Drug Susceptibility Testing
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Of the world’s infectious diseases, tuberculosis remains the leading cause of mortality and it has been estimated that of the eight million new cases that occur each year 95% are found in the less developed countries ( 1 , 2 ).
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Quick and reliable method to analyze meiotic segregation patterns in Coprinus cinereus using the polymerase chain reaction
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
The following components were added to the indicated concentrations after the first denaturation step for PCR-amplification (final volume 100 microliters): 67 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 16 mM (NH4)2SO4, 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 3 mM MgCl2, 2 glycerol, 1 micromole of each primer (see below), dATP, dCTP, dGTP (each 200 uM), dUTP (500 uM), and 2.5 units of Amplitaq DNA Polymerase (Perkin Elmer Cetus).
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Production and Release Testing of Ovine Atadenovirus Vectors
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
New GDEPT vectors based on ovine atadenovirus andEscherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) have been developed for first time use in humans in a phase I trial for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Antibody Phage Display: Overview of a Powerful Technology that Has Quickly Translated to the Clinic
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
A diverse library of recombinant antibodies is generated in this way and can then be exposed or panned on the antigen of interest, typically, this being a molecule associated with a particular pathological condition.
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Transposon Mutagenesis in Mycobacteria Using Conditionally Replicating Mycobacteriophages
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Two basic methodologies have been used to generate mutant libraries in both fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria: chemical mutagenesis and transposon mutagenesis.
A detailed chemical mutagenesis protocol for the generation of mutant libraries in the fast-growing mycobacteria can be found in the previous volume of this manual ( 5 ).
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Comparative Genomics of the Dictyostelids
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
The complete genomes ofDictyostelium discoideum ,Dictyostelium purpureum ,Polysphondylium pallidum andDictyostelium fasciculatum have been sequenced.
The proteins predicted to be encoded by the genes in each species have been compared to each other as well as to the complete compilation of nonredundant proteins from bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals.
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Colonization Capability of Lactobacilli and Pathogens in the Respiratory Tract of Mice: Microbiological, Cytological, Structural, and Ultrastructural Studies
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Those produced byStreptococcus pneumoniae are reported to have the highest incidence in the world, affecting both children and old people.
Respiratory tract infections in the developing countries in the Americas are among the first three causes of death in children under 1 yr and between the first and second cause in children between 1 and 4 yr old.
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Construction of Unmarked Deletion Mutants in Mycobacteria
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Site-specific recombinases such as theSaccharomyces cerevisiae Flp and the P1 phage Cre proteins have been increasingly used for the construction of unmarked deletions in bacteria.
In this chapter, we describe strategies and methods of how to use sequence-specific recombination mediated by Flp and Cre to construct mutants ofMycobacterium smegmatis ,Mycobacterium bovis BCG, andMycobacterium tuberculosis .
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Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection of Meticillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and PantonValentine Leukocidin from Clinical Samples
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Patient screening to detect MRSA is now widely used as part of an effective control program to limit the spread of this pathogen.
Herein we describe a multiplex real-time assay that combines primers and probes to detect MRSA and the genes for PVL to provide a rapid and informative assay.
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Flavonoids From Argentine Tagetes (Asteraceae) With Antimicrobial Activity
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Over 4000 structures have been identified in plant sources, and they are categorized into several groups (Fig. 1 ).
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Bacteriocin Typing
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Bacteriocins are proteins produced by bacteria which are lethal for other members of the same species and, occasionally, for other species.
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Rapid Methods for Detection of MRSA in Clinical Specimens
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
These new methodologies have the advantage of a lower turnaround time than that of traditional culture and susceptibility testing and they are capable of detecting MRSA directly from nasal or wound swabs allowing rapid identification of colonized or infected patients.
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Growth of Herpes Simplex Virus and Purification of Viral DNA
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Similarly, the introduction of foreign genes into the virus will require the purification of viralDNA for use as a cloning vector, and preparation and analysis of viral DNA will also be necessary in order to characterize the recombinant viruses produced during the cloning procedures.
