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Viral Glycoprotein-Mediated Cell Fusion Assays Using Vaccinia Virus Vectors
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
This chapter will detail the methods of the vaccinia virus-based reporter-gene fusion assay and how it may be used to characterize the fusion mediated by the BSL-4-classified Hendra and Nipah viruses.
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An Expression Vector for Multiple Ribozymes
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Ribozymes are recognized as useful tools for the manipulation of genes because of their high specificity and the fact that they act without influencing the expression of genes that are unrelated targets ( 1 , 2 ).
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Problems with Genetically Modified Foods
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
The appearance in the market of the first food products, or organisms, which have been improved by recombinantDNA technologies (rDNA), has been received by society in a negative manner.
People understand “transgenic” as food products or their ingredients, resulting from this kind of modification.
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Organ Culture of Rectal Mucosa: In Vitro Challenge with Gluten in Celiac Disease
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Mononuclear cells, both lymphocytes (CD3 + ) and macrophages (CD68 + ) expressing interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptors (CD25 + ), have been found to be increased in the lamina propria, usually immediately below the basal lamina.
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Defining the Structure and Function of Acyl-Homoserine Lactone Autoinducers
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) are important signaling molecules in the quorum sensing gene-regulatory processes found in numerous gram-negative species of bacteria that interact with eukaryotic organisms.
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The Model Organism Dictyostelium discoideum
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
discoideum is a newcomer, yet it has proven to be a powerful genetic and cellular model for investigating host–pathogen interactions and microbial infections, for mitochondrial diseases, and for pharmacogenetic studies.
The opportunities offered by the organism and its place among the nonmammalian models for human diseases will be discussed.
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Flavonoids From Argentine Tagetes (Asteraceae) With Antimicrobial Activity
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Over 4000 structures have been identified in plant sources, and they are categorized into several groups (Fig. 1 ).
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Growth of Herpes Simplex Virus and Purification of Viral DNA
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Similarly, the introduction of foreign genes into the virus will require the purification of viralDNA for use as a cloning vector, and preparation and analysis of viral DNA will also be necessary in order to characterize the recombinant viruses produced during the cloning procedures.
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Rapid Methods for Detection of MRSA in Clinical Specimens
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
These new methodologies have the advantage of a lower turnaround time than that of traditional culture and susceptibility testing and they are capable of detecting MRSA directly from nasal or wound swabs allowing rapid identification of colonized or infected patients.
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Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection of Meticillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and PantonValentine Leukocidin from Clinical Samples
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Patient screening to detect MRSA is now widely used as part of an effective control program to limit the spread of this pathogen.
Herein we describe a multiplex real-time assay that combines primers and probes to detect MRSA and the genes for PVL to provide a rapid and informative assay.
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Bacteriocin Typing
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Bacteriocins are proteins produced by bacteria which are lethal for other members of the same species and, occasionally, for other species.
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Intrabodies: Targeting scFv Expression to Eukaryotic Intracellular Compartments
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
The result is a small molecule of approx 28 kDa. Examples of Fab intrabodies have also been reported, but only where an internal ribosomal entry site has been used to allow stoichiometric amounts of heavy- and light-chain fragments to be expressed simultaneously ( 1,2 ).
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BAC Finishing Strategies
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
A physical map of the human genome has been assembled on the basis of “fingerprints” generated by restriction digestion of individual bacterial clones and mapping of individual clones to chromosomes using landmarks from existing genetic maps.
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Innate Immune Responses to Helicobacter pylori Infection: An Overview
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Innate immune receptors detectHelicobacter pylori infection and trigger downstream signaling events that result in the production of cytokines and interferon-β.
pylori infection and details the downstream signaling events.
The tools that have been developed to study the innate immune response toH.
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Coupled-Column Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Pesticide Residues
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
This chapter demonstrates the versatility and feasibility of coupled-column reversedphase liquid chromatography (LC/LC) for the rapid, selective, and sensitive determination of pesticides in environm
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Bioinformatics Techniques in Microarray Research: Applied Microarray Data Analysis Using R and SAS Software
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
DNA -microarray technology is a relatively recent and novel approach to conducting genome-wide gene expression studies to identify previously unknown biological pathways associated with disease.
This chapter outlines appropriate techniques for analyzing microarray data in a fashion that also yields a list of top genes with differential expression in a given experiment.
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Construction and Utilization of Carotenoid Reporter Systems: Identification of Chromosomal Integration Sites That Support Suitable Expression of Biosynthetic Genes and Pathways
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
The method described here involves the construction and utilization of promoterless carotenoid transposons, which provides a colorimetric screen for identifying the best chromosomal integration sites for the expression of the genes of interest.
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Gene Replacement Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
The complete genome sequences of two isolates ofMycobacterium tuberculosis , the widely distributed laboratory strainM.
tuberculosis H37Rv ( 1 ) and a clinical isolate CDC 1551 ( ), have recently been determined, thus providing a complete blueprint of the genetic make-up of this pathogen.
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Generation of Murine Bone-Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Derived from stem cells in the bone marrow, DC migrate to the tissues where they become “sentinels” of the immune system.
DC possess the unique ability to initiate primary T-cell responses and can also stimulate and modulate both B and T lymphocytes during an ongoing immune response ( 1 -3 ).
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Psychrotrophic Microorganisms: Agar Plate Methods, Homogenization, and Dilutions
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
After samples are removed for analysis, the bag and its remaining contents can be discarded and the equipment is ready for use.
