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Intrabodies: Targeting scFv Expression to Eukaryotic Intracellular Compartments
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
The result is a small molecule of approx 28 kDa. Examples of Fab intrabodies have also been reported, but only where an internal ribosomal entry site has been used to allow stoichiometric amounts of heavy- and light-chain fragments to be expressed simultaneously ( 1,2 ).
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Bioinformatics Techniques in Microarray Research: Applied Microarray Data Analysis Using R and SAS Software
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
DNA -microarray technology is a relatively recent and novel approach to conducting genome-wide gene expression studies to identify previously unknown biological pathways associated with disease.
This chapter outlines appropriate techniques for analyzing microarray data in a fashion that also yields a list of top genes with differential expression in a given experiment.
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BAC Finishing Strategies
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
A physical map of the human genome has been assembled on the basis of “fingerprints” generated by restriction digestion of individual bacterial clones and mapping of individual clones to chromosomes using landmarks from existing genetic maps.
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Construction and Utilization of Carotenoid Reporter Systems: Identification of Chromosomal Integration Sites That Support Suitable Expression of Biosynthetic Genes and Pathways
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
The method described here involves the construction and utilization of promoterless carotenoid transposons, which provides a colorimetric screen for identifying the best chromosomal integration sites for the expression of the genes of interest.
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Coupled-Column Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Pesticide Residues
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
This chapter demonstrates the versatility and feasibility of coupled-column reversedphase liquid chromatography (LC/LC) for the rapid, selective, and sensitive determination of pesticides in environm
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Viability of Amoebae, Fungal Conidia, and Yeasts: Rapid Assessment by Flow Cytometry
Time of Update: 2021-02-17
Rapid detection and viability measurements of microorganisms in homogenous and heterogenous microbial populations have been greatly enhanced by recent advances in the use of fluorescent stains in flow cytometry (FCM) ( 1 – 5 ).
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Mutagenesis of Herpesvirus BACs by Allele Replacement
Time of Update: 2021-02-17
Therefore, we have introduced a negative selection marker into the shuttle plasmid (thesacB gene) that allows to select against the bacteria still containing a nonresolved cointegrate (see Fig. 1 , step 4) and to identify bacterial clones harboring the mutant or the parental BAC.
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Study of Nucleolar Localization of Adenovirus Core Proteins
Time of Update: 2021-02-17
This chapter describes the techniques used to study nucleolar-localized proteins.
This follows on to techniques for transient expression in mammalian cells and immunofluorescence techniques used to examine subcellular localization.
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Determination of Bacteriophage Genome Size by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis
Time of Update: 2021-02-17
Standard agarose gel electrophoresis is extensively used to resolveDNA fragments from 0.2 to 40–50 kb. Larger fragments of genomic DNA or whole viral genomes can only effectively be resolved by puls
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The Application of Molecular Techniques for the Study of Aminoglycoside Resistance
Time of Update: 2021-02-17
Bacterial resistance to aminoglycosides can be caused by modifying enzymes, changes in cell permeability, and changes in the cellular target.
Aminoglycosides are inactivated by three classes of enzymes:
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Investigation of DNA Repair Pathway Activity
Time of Update: 2021-02-17
As such,Dictyostelium is a powerful model organism to study selected human DNA repair pathways and may provide insights into the molecular basis of how cells become resistant to DNA damage.
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Extraction and Purification of Nucleic Acids from Schistosomes
Time of Update: 2021-02-17
Once an extraction procedure has begun, it is advisable to proceed as rapidly as possible to its conclusion or the nucleic acids may degrade.
As a general rule, all procedures should be performed at 0–4�C unless otherwise mentioned.
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Methods for the Isolation of Viruses from Environmental Samples
Time of Update: 2021-02-17
Microscopy and molecular genetic tools have been critical in demonstrating that viruses are a dynamic component of microbial ecosystems capable of significantly influencing the productivity and population biology of their host communities.
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Expression of Genes in Mycobacteria
Time of Update: 2021-02-17
Similarly, the ability to overexpress cloned genes in bacteria has been important in revealing the functions of a great diversity of heterologous proteins.
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Molecular Methods to Study Transcriptional Regulation of Clostridium difficile Toxin Genes
Time of Update: 2021-02-17
TcdR is an alternative RNA polymerase sigma factor that positively regulates toxin gene transcription as well as its own.
TcdC negatively regulates toxin synthesis by interfering with the RNA polymerase formed with TcdR.
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Yeasts and Molds
Time of Update: 2021-02-17
Yeast and molds (nonfilament and filament molds) may be found as part of the normal flora of a food product on inadequately sanitized equipment or as airborne contaminants.
Media for the enumeration of molds use antibiotics, e.g., penicillin + streptomycin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and gentamicin; oxytetracycline has been useful.
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Simultaneous Detection of RNA and Proteins in Adenovirus-Infected Cells by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and lmmunostaining
Time of Update: 2021-02-17
Adenovirus (Ad)-infected cells have been used extensively as a model system for studying the expression of eukaryotic genes and were instrumental in elucidating steps m the production of RNA.
Much of this work involved genetic and molecular analyses of viral gene expression.
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Transformation of Lactobacillus by Electroporation
Time of Update: 2021-02-17
Species of the genusLactobacillus are used worldwide in the production of fermented food or fodder from raw agricultural materials ( 1 ).
To obtain fermentation products that are reproducible and of high quality, fermentations are initiated by the addition of well-defined starter cultures.
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Crocea
Time of Update: 2021-02-17
China's large yellow fish has two local populations, in the north of Zhejiang Province in the East China Sea for the "Yu ethnic group", in the western part of Guangdong in the South China Sea for the of the "Yuzhou ethnic group." Fish in the same sea area have spring reproduction "spring zong" and autumn reproduction "autumn zong".
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Detection of Pathogenic Mycobacteria of Veterinary Importance
Time of Update: 2021-02-17
Mycobacterium bovis , the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, has an exceptionally broad host range that includes farmed and feral animals, wildlife, and also humans ( 2 ).
