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In Vitro Cultivation and Biological Cloning of Leishmania
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Female sandflies become infected when they take bloodmeals from infected mammals, and ingested amastigotes transform into uniflagellate promastigote forms.
The metacyclic forms are small-bodied promastigotes with long flagella, which when injected into a mammal by the sandfly, are responsible for the transfer of infection.
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Luminescent Reporters and Their Applications for the Characterization of Signals and Signal-Mimics that Alter LasR-Mediated Quorum Sensing
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
The use of these reporters significantly streamlines identification and characterization of the Las QS signal agonists and antagonists prior to biochemical experiments.
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Flotation Assay in Small Volumes of Yeast Cultures
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
The spontaneous flotation ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae was first described in 1991 by Gehle et al.
In 1996, Palmieri and collaborators ( 4 ) showed that flocculation and flotation were separate phenomena, by studying a new floating strain ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae , which was highly hydrophobic but not flocculant.
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Cholera
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Few diseases invoke public fear as readily as cholera.
In its most severe state, cholera can cause death from hypotensive shock within 12 h of the first symptom.
Cholera typically occurs in epidemics, spreading rapidly within the community, especially if hygeinic conditions are poor.
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Collection and Cultivation of Dictyostelids from the Wild
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Understanding intraspecific clone conflict, kin recognition, differential adhesion, and other kinds of interactions likely to occur in the natural soil habitat can only come from studies of multiple clones.
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Virus Infection and the Interferon Response: A Global View Through Functional Genomics
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
The primary focus of this chapter is on providing an overview of how we use the tools of functional genomics to study virus infection, the interferon response, and the mechanisms by which viruses attenuate or evade this response to ensure successful replication.
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Protocols to Study the Physiology of Oral Biofilms
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
The oral cavity harbors several hundred different bacterial species that colonize both hard (teeth) and soft tissues, forming complex populations known as microbial biofilms.
In this chapter, we use oral streptococci as examples for studying the physiology of oral biofilms.
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Micromethods for Lipid A Isolation and Structural Characterization
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are major components of the external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and act as an effective permeability barrier.
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Immobilization of Fluorescent Aptamer Biosensors on Magnetic Microparticles and Its Potential Application for Ocean Sensing
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Since such selections are carried out in the absence of living cells, it is possible to obtain aptamers that work optimally under high salt conditions.
The high salt concentration in marine samples may also cause significant fluorescence quenching, reducing the sensitivity of fluorescent aptamer sensors.
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Transfer of Episomal and Integrated Plasmids from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Escherichia coli by Electroporation
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Plasmids with anARS from a yeast chromosome have medium to high copy numbers, but they are rapidly lost because they segregate to daughter cells with low efficiency ( 6 ).
Adding telomere sequences to anARS/CEN plasmid creates a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), which is a freely replicating, low copy number linear molecule ( 7 ).
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Use of the Syrian Hamster as an Animal Model for Oncolytic Adenovirus Vectors
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
However, this model suffers because the animals are immunodeficient and normal and cancerous mouse tissues are poorly permissive to human Ad replication.
Human Ads replicate well in vitro in the Syrian hamster cell lines examined and demonstrate significant antitumor efficacy following injection into Syrian hamster tumors in vivo.
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Verifying and Quantifying Helicobacter pylori Infection Status of Research Mice
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
PCR ofDNA isolated from gastric tissue is the most sensitive and efficient technique to confirm theH.
pylori is a less sensitive technique due to its fastidious in vitro culture requirements; however, recovery of viable organisms confirms persistent colonization and allows for further molecular characterization of wild-type or mutantH.
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Isolation and Handling of Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
In Chapter 20 , a general procedure was described for the construction of the intermediate vectors necessary for the insertion of foreign DNA sequences into the vaccinia virus (Vv) genome. The princ
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Assembly of Mitotic Chromosomes in Xenopus Egg Extract
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
The structure of isolated mitotic chromosomes was further studied by microscopic techniques.
This problem was overcome by extraction of histone from chromosomes, followed by microscopic visualization of the residual structures ( 3 – 5 ).
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Flow Cytometric Techniques for Studying Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Mixed Populations
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Using flow cytometry to label specific cell-surface markers, PDCs can be easily identified from other peripheral blood mononuclear cells or in mononuclear cell suspensions of lymphoid tissue.
Using surface and intracellular flow cytometry, phenotypic and functional aspects can be combined to accurately study PDCs in a mixed population of cells.
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Polyadenylation State Microarray (PASTA) Analysis
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
In this chapter we detail our PASTA approach and describe some methods for bulk and mRNA-specific poly(A) tail length measurements of use to monitor the procedure and independently verify the microarray data.
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Simulating Microbial Systems: Addressing Model Uncertainty/Incompleteness via Multiscale and Entropy Methods
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
The premise of this chapter is that the coarse-grained equations should be derived from the underlying model so that a deductive calibration-free methodology is achieved.
We present a methodology for modeling microbial systems that integrates equations for coarse-grained variables with a probabilistic description of the underlying fine-scale ones.
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The Oral Microbiota: General Overview, Taxonomy, and Nucleic Acid Techniques
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Over 800 bacterial distinct species-level taxa have been detected in the oral cavity and recent studies using high-throughput technology suggest that the breadth of bacterial diversity can be much larger.
Emphasis is also given on nucleic acid technologies that have been widely used for the study of the oral microbiota.
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Analysis of Protein Factors that Interact with Adenovirus Early Promoters
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
On account of their relatively small, defined genomes, viruses have long been a convenient model system in which to study eucaryotic gene expression. Usually, viral infection is followed by early gen
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Cytokines in Blister Fluids
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
In the history of clinical pathology, all the body fluids have been employed to examine several types of molecules. Obviously, the serum has always been the principle source of exploration, although
