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Biochemical Identification of Most Frequently Encountered Bacteria That Cause Food Spoilage
Time of Update: 2021-02-13
When the microbial flora invades food, two major problems arise. First is the pathogenicity of several microbes, and second are the changes on the food characteristics, such as contents of nutrients
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Analysis of Volatile Compounds Emitted by Filamentous Fungi Using Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Time of Update: 2021-02-13
Here, we describe a solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) analytical approach that identifies and analyzes volatile compounds in the headspace above a live fungal culture.
The separated compounds are subsequently identified by mass spectrometry.
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Modeling a Minimal Cell
Time of Update: 2021-02-13
This gene set is genomically complete in that it codes for all the functions that a minimal chemoheterotrophic bacterium would require for sustained growth and division.
With this model, the hypotheses behind a minimal gene set can be tested using a chemically detailed, dynamic, whole-cell modeling approach.
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Use of In Vivo-Induced Antigen Technology (IVIAT) to Identify Virulence Factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis
Time of Update: 2021-02-13
A novel strategy known asin vivo -induced antigen technology (IVIAT) avoids the use of animal models and utilizes serum from patients who have experienced disease caused by the pathogen of interest.
Here we describe the IVIAT protocol for identification ofin vivo -induced genes ofP.
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Derivation of Dendritic Cell Lines from Mouse Skin
Time of Update: 2021-02-13
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells characterized morphologically by the extension of numerous dendrites, phenotypically by the expression of relatively large amounts of MH
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Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Quorum Sensing Inhibition In Vitro
Time of Update: 2021-02-13
The present protocol describes methods to determine the in vitro efficacy of potential quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs).
Using these in vitro methods it is possible to evaluate the potential of various QSI compounds.
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Automated Sequencing of DNA Retrieved from Environmental Samples
Time of Update: 2021-02-13
Such studies have developed so rapidly because of the availability of automated sequencing techniques, which greatly reduce the processing time of retrieved DNA molecules and allow the analysis of a sufficient number of clones to make findings more representative of the diversity present within a system.
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Phage Classification and Characterization
Time of Update: 2021-02-13
Prokaryote viruses include 14 officially accepted families and at least five other potential families awaiting classification.
Approximately 5,500 prokaryote viruses have been examined in the electron microscope.
The study of isometric, filamentous, and pleomorphic viruses requires more detailed investigations than that of tailed species.
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The Direct Immunofluorescent Filter Technique (DIFT)
Time of Update: 2021-02-13
Many areas of analytical microbiology that deal with biological materials (e.g., medicine and the food, water, and pharmaceutical industries) need methods of detecting and identifying microorganisms
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Transport Assays and Permeability in Pathogenic Mycobacteria
Time of Update: 2021-02-13
The permeability of cells is classically measured using methods that generally need cell suspensions and are hazardous with pathogens (e.g., nutrient and antibiotic uptake).
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UV Laser Footprinting and Protein-DNA Crosslinking: Application to Chromatin
Time of Update: 2021-02-13
Protein-nucleic acid complexes play a crucial role in the events involved in gene expression and regulation.
Direct and powerful approaches in studying this regulation are footprinting and protein- DNA crosslinking.
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Small Efficient Hammerhead Ribozymes
Time of Update: 2021-02-13
The hammerhead ribozyme was discovered as a self-cleaving RNA molecule in certain plant viroids and satellite RNAs (1 ).
The most useful form has almost all of the conserved nucleotides on the ribozyme strand, leaving minimal sequence requirements in the substrate strand.
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The Veterinary Significance of Mycoplasmas
Time of Update: 2021-02-13
mycoides SC is a member of the “mycoides cluster,” which contains six important mycoplasmas of large and small ruminants (Table 1 ).
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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Typing of Mycobacteria
Time of Update: 2021-02-13
International consensus has been achieved regarding the methodology of IS 6110 RFLP typing ofMycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates ( 1 ) and IS 1245 RFLP typing ofMycobacterium avium strains ( 2 ).
Furthermore, RFLP typing of isolates of some other mycobacterial species is described.
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Selection of Functional Antibodies on the Basis of Valency
Time of Update: 2021-02-13
Often dimerization is a prerequisite for activation of a number of surface receptors by their natural ligands and divalent Abs are typically required for mimicking or blocking the activity of such ligands.
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Electroporation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Time of Update: 2021-02-12
Many of the techniques that have been developed for the manipulation of the budding yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae have now been adapted to be used on the alternative host,Schizosaccharomyces pombe .
The procedure for electroporation presented below was developed as an easier and less time-consuming alternative for transformation ofS.
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Enrichment of Unstable Non-coding RNAs and Their Genome-Wide Identification
Time of Update: 2021-02-12
Cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs) have been recently described as a major class of non-coding RNAs. These transcripts are, however, extremely unstable in normal cells and their analyzes pose specif
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Production of Antimicrobial Substances by Lactic Acid Bacteria II: Screening Bacteriocin-Producing Strains With Probiotic Purposes and Characterization of a Lactobacillus Bacteriocin
Time of Update: 2021-02-12
Bacteriocins have been defined as proteinaceous, bactericidal substances synthesized by bacteria, which usually have a narrow spectrum of activity, only inhibiting strains of the same or closely related species ( 1 ).
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Production, Extraction, and Quantification of Astaxanthin by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous or Haematococcus pluvialis: Standardized Techniques
Time of Update: 2021-02-12
In this contribution we shall deal withXanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (formerlyPhaffia rhodozyma ) andHaematococcus pluvialis , which are known as major prominent microorganisms able to synthesize astaxanthin pigment.
dendrorhous is able to show significant increase in astaxanthin synthesis when grown in natural carbon sources like coconut milk, grape juice.
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Equilibrium and Dynamic Nucleosome Stability
Time of Update: 2021-02-12
This article will not discuss specific experimental methods; rather, it will summarize several aspects of the equilibrium and dynamic behavior of real nucleosomes that are of particular importance for studies of nucleosome structure and function.
