Production, Extraction, and Quantification of Astaxanthin by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous or Haematococcus pluvialis: Standardized Techniques

For many years, benefits and disadvantages of pigments production either by microalgae or yeasts have been under analysis. In this contribution we shall deal with
Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous
(formerly
Phaffia rhodozyma
) and
Haematococcus pluvialis
, which are known as major prominent microorganisms able to synthesize astaxanthin pigment. Then, the usual trend is to look for optimal conditions to conduct astaxanthin synthesis. From one side, pigment production by
H. pluvialis
is promoted under cellular stress conditions like nutrient deprivation, exposition to high light intensity, aeration. On the other side,
X. dendrorhous
is able to show significant increase in astaxanthin synthesis when grown in natural carbon sources like coconut milk, grape juice. The main aim of this chapter is to describe optimal environmental conditions for astaxanthin production by
X. dendrorhous
or
H. pluvialis
.