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Analysis of Yeast Lipids
Time of Update: 2021-02-01
The precise quantitative determination of the different lipid classes in mutant cells is key to understand the possible role of the respective gene product in lipid homeostasis. In this chapter, we d
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Neutralization of Virus
Time of Update: 2021-02-01
Classical neutralization results when antibody binds to the virion and thereby prevents infection of a susceptible cell.
Neutralization is not simply a matter of coating the virion with antibody, nor indeed of blocking attachment to the host cell.
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Simultaneous Direct Identification of Genital Microorganisms in Voided Urine Using Multiplex PCR-Based Reverse Line Blot Assays
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
Our aim was to develop and evaluate sensitive methods that would allow simultaneous direct identification of multiple potential pathogens in clinical specimens for diagnosis and epidemiological studies, using a multiplexPCR -based reverse line blot assay.
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Urinary Ethylenethiourea as a Biomarker of Exposure to Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
A method for the determination or urinary ethylenethiourea (ETU), a major metabolite of ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDTCs), is described.
A protocol for biological monitoring through determination of urinary ETU is provided.
In workers postexposure samples, median level of urinary ETU was 8.8 (from less than 0.5 to 126.3) �g/g creatinine.
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Determination of Aflatoxins and Zearalenone in Different Culture Media
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
Some molds produce desirable changes in food, but most are merely esthetically undesirable.
These toxin substances, mycotoxins, are secondary metabolites produced by different fungi, especiallyAspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium , and, to a lesser degree,Alternaria ( 1 ).
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Lyssaviruses: Special Emphasis on Rabies Virus
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
Lyssavirus infection, better known as rabies, in animals or in humans, is characterized by a clinical picture of viral encephalitis.
The diagnosis of lyssavirus infection in animals, which may be responsible for human infections are of utmost importance: if positive, for starting or follow-up of postexposure rabies treatments, or if negative, for the nonprescription or interruption of the treatments.
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The Hairpin Ribozyme: Discovery and Development for Gene Therapy
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
The minimum catalytic center of (-)s TRSV was identified, biochemically characterized and named the hairpin ribozyme ( 1 ,2 ).
The minimum sequence for catalytic activity was found to be a 50 nucleotide (nt) ribozyme and a 14 nt substrate.
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The FERMEX Method for Metabolite-Enriched Fungal Extracts
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
The program was based on the observation that solid fermentations of fungi generally exhibited more complex metabolite profiles than when the same strains were grown on liquid medium.
To produce interference-free fermentations and improve organic product recovery, fungi colonized homogeneous media-saturated vermiculite thus promoting cellular and metabolic differentiation.
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Generation of Blood-Derived Human Dendritic Cells for Antitumor Immunotherapy
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
Dendritic cells (DC) are a family of bone-marrow-derived professional antigen presenting cells (APC) with sparse, but wide, tissue distribution ( 1 ).
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Gene Essentiality Testing in Mycobacterium smegmatis Using Specialized Transduction
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
Conditional expression–specialized transduction essentiality test (CESTET) is a genetic tool used to determine essentiality of individual genes inMycobacterium smegmatis .
Furthermore, effects of loss of essential gene function can then be studied by growing the transductants in medium depleted of acetamide.
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Genome-Wide Approaches to Studying Yeast Chromatin Modifications
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
Techniques combining chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with microarrays (ChIP-chip) and second-generation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) have led to great advances in our understanding of how chromatin modifications contribute to gene regulation.
D. (2003) Genome-wide mapping of protein-DNA interactions by chromatin immunoprecipitation and DNA microarray hybridization.
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A Birds Eye View of the Bacterial Landscape
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
Bacteria have evolved four main types of bacterial cell surfaces to accomplish these functions: those of the typical gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and those of theActinobacteria andMollicutes .
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Fast and Easy Method for Construction of Plasmid Vectors Using Modified Quick-Change Mutagenesis
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
Plasmid vector construction is an essential step for molecular microbiology yet often a time-consuming process.
Manipulation of the fungal genome to express genes to activate secondary metabolite production often requires creation of plasmid constructs in a reiterative fashion.
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Overview of Invasive Fungal Infections
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
As a direct response to this phenomenon, there has been a resolute effort over the past several decades to improve early and accurate diagnosis and provide reliable screening protocols thereby promoting the administration of appropriate antifungal therapy for fungal infections.
Early diagnosis and treatment with antifungal therapy are vital if a patient is to survive an IFI.
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Genetic Manipulation of a Naturally Competent Bacterium, Helicobacter pylori
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
Genetic manipulation ofHelicobacter pylori facilitates characterization and functional analysis of individualH.
pylori genes.
This chapter discusses the methods involved inH.
pylori chromosomalDNA isolation, mutagenesis of individual genes, and natural transformation.
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Silver carp
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
It is a special fish from Heilongjiang, Yellow River, Yangtze River, Pearl River to Hainan Province and Northern Vietnam in eastern Asia.
In Hainan Province and northern Vietnam due to the warmer , its scale is larger, less , has formed there's the local species of large scale white slug.
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Gene Replacement in Mycobacterium bovis BCG
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
Gene replacement is a powerful technique that exploits the innate ability of an organism to recombme homologous regions ofDNA .
It allows for the specrfic replacement of targeted genomic sequences with copies of those sequences carrying defined mutations, and therefore can facilitate the assignment of function to cloned genes.
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Glucose Dehydrogenase for the Regeneration of NADPH and NADH
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
Glucose dehydrogenases (GDHs) occur in several organisms such as Bacillus megaterium andBacillus subtilis.
In order to demonstrate their applicability we coupled an NADP + -dependent, (R)-specific alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) fromLactobacillus kefir with the glucose dehydrogenase fromB.
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Isolation of Viruses from High Temperature Environments
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
The detection and isolation of viruses directly from high temperature (>80 C) acidic (pH6 cells/ml) and low free viral abundance (10 3 -10 6 particles/ml) compared to eutrophic freshwater lakes ( 1 ) or near- shore marine environments ( 2 ).
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Macrophage Virulence Assays
Time of Update: 2021-01-31
The initial phase of granuloma formation within the lung requires that the bacterium is ingested by alveolar macrophages.
Intracellular replication begins and an inflammatory reaction, involving recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes to the site, is initiated.
