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Identification of Mutations in mtDNA from Patients Suffering Mitochondrial Diseases
Time of Update: 2021-01-27
The structural genes for the mtDNA-encoded 12S and 16S ribosomal RNAs, the subunits of NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase (ND), cytochrome-c oxidase (COX), cytochrome-b (Cyt b), and ATP synthase (A), and 22 tRNAs, are shown, as are the origins of heavy- (OH ) and light (OL ) -strand replication.
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Comprehensive Approach for Biological Monitoring of Pesticides in Urine Using HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS
Time of Update: 2021-01-27
In the past, we had almost limitless urine for biological measurements, but this has changed dramatically as the study populations continue to focus on young children, for whom urine collection is difficult, and as the number of pesticides for which exposure information is needed has increased.
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βLactam Resistance Mediated by Changes in Penicillin-Binding Proteins
Time of Update: 2021-01-27
Alternatively, in some Gram-negative bacteria, resistance may have arisen by a reduction in the ability of the antibiotic to access its target.
However, in a number of clinically important Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, resistance has arisen by alteration of the targets for penicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics, namely, the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).
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Application of Solid-Phase Disk Extraction Combined With Gas Chromatographic Techniques for Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Human Body Fluids
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
A simple, rapid, sensitive procedure based on solid-phase disk extraction (SPDE) is described for the isolation and concentration of trace levels of selected organochlorine pesticides from human body fluids (serum, cord blood, milk, follicular and seminal fluid).
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Analysis of Pentachlorophenol and Other Chlorinated Phenols in Biological Samples by Gas Chromatography or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
Gas chromatographic (GC) and liquid chromatographic (LC)-mass spectrometric (MS) methods have been described to analyze pentachlorophenol and other chlorinated phenols in biological samples.
The linearity is obtained in a wide range, from 0.1 to 100 ng/mL, with limit of detection at low nanograms/milliliter for the GC-MS method.
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Restriction Nucleases as Probes for Chromatin Structure
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
Consequently, if one is interested in determining how gene activity is established on a given promoter or enhancer, it is worthwhile to determine the nucleosome structure ofDNA sequences within and surrounding the regulatory element being studied.
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Flying fish
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
Clustered upper fish for hot and warm temperative waters, with the largest number of species in the Pacific Ocean and second in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans.
Six species of 38 species have been recorded in China and adjacent waters.
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The Generation and Selection of Single-Domain, V Region Libraries from Nurse Sharks
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
The cartilaginous fish (sharks, skates, and rays) are the oldest phylogenetic group in which a human-type adaptive immune system and immunoglobulins (Igs) have been found.
In addition to their conventional (heavy-light chain heterodimeric) isotypes, IgM and IgW, sharks produce the novel isotype, IgNAR, a heavy chain homodimer that does not associate with light chains.
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Scale-Up of recombinant virus and protein production in Stirred-Tank reactors
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
Stirred-tank fermentors were originally designed to perform microbial cultures ( 1 ).
Depending on the quantity required, bioprocesses can vary in complexity from short-term (5-7 d) batch cultures to longer-term fed-batch (7-10 d) or perfusion processes (7 to 2 30 d).
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Reporter Gene Expression for Monitoring Microorganisms in the Environment
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
The choice of a particular reporter gene is made on the basis of the environment into which the organism is to be released, how the gene is to be detected, and what factors might interfere with the detection of the gene and/or its protein product.
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Detection and Differentiation of Chlamydiae by Nested PCR
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
As a major antigenic constitutent, their outer membrane contains a 10-kDa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with a trisaccharide epitope specific for the familyChlamydiaceae ( 1 ).
This molecule harbors several genus- and species-specific antigenic determinants in the conserved regions and serovar-specific epitopes in variable domains ( 2 ).
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One Stop Shop for Everything Dictyostelium: dictyBase and the Dicty Stock Center in 2012
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
dictyBase ( the model organism database forDictyostelium discoideum , includes the complete genome sequence and expression data for this organism.
dictyBase has recently expanded to include the genome sequences of three additional Dictyostelids and has added new software tools to facilitate multigenome comparisons.
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Enological Characteristics of Yeasts
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
The final product of spontaneous grape must fermentation (natural fermentation) is the result of the combined action of different yeast species and vine varieties.
The variety and proportion of different yeasts in the must depend on factors such as geographic location, climatic conditions, and grape variety ( 3 , 4 ).
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Clustering Change Patterns Using Fourier Transformation with Time-Course Gene Expression Data
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
In this study, the problem of finding similar change patterns is induced to clustering with the derivative Fourier coefficients.
We developed a statistical model using derivative Fourier coefficients to identify similar change patterns of gene expression.
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Assaying Interleukins Intracellularly by FACS
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
From their genesis as instruments designed to count and size particles, flow cytometers have, over the last 40 years, evolved into a range of sophisticated instruments. These instruments are now used
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Development of an Interferon-Based Cancer Vaccine Protocol: Application to Several Types of Murine Cancers
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
A protocol for the development of cancer vaccines is presented.
This protocol has been used to develop cancer vaccines in mice against B16 melanoma, RM-1 prostate cancer, and P388 lymphocytic leukemia.
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Yeast Transformation and the Preparation of Frozen Spheroplasts for Electroporation
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
As the number of yeast researchers increased, so did the variety of transformation methods, and in the early 1980s a lithium salt-mediated transformation method was developed as an alternative to spheroplast methods ( 2 ).
Lithium acetate-mediated transformation is widely used in the yeast community for strain manipulation and for gene-cloning experiments.
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Identification and Isolation of Lysogens with Induced Prophage
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
Thus, induced derivatives survive and are easily identified even if they make up a small fraction of the population.
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Transposon Mutagenesis of the Lyme Disease Agent
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
In comparison with allelic exchange, which targets a single locus, transposon mutagenesis can create libraries of mutants encompassing disruptions of all genes.
With appropriate modifications, thismariner -based transposon can be adapted to other spirochetes and bacteria with inefficient genetic transformation methods.
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Herpes Simplex Virus Life Cycle and the Design of Viral Vectors
Time of Update: 2021-01-26
Herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are doublestranded DNA viruses with a genome size of 152 kbp.
The genome consists of two unique regions, U L (long) and U s (short), flanked by repeated sequences (Fig. 1 ; for review,see ref.
