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Stirred-tank fermentors were originally designed to perform microbial cultures (
1
). When the need arose for adequate, posttranslationally modified proteins, molecular biologists and bioprocess engineers turned to mammalian and insect cell culture using these fermentors for large-scale productions (i.e., New Brunswick Scientific’s CelliGen, New Brunswick, NJ; Alfa-Laval’s Chemap, Mannedorf, Switzerland). Stirred-tank reactors (STR) are well known and characterized (as well as airlift reactors mentioned in Chapter 13 ) and provide a simple approach to large-scale suspension cultures when monolayer and spinner flask cultures cannot provide ample material. Depending on the quantity required, bioprocesses can vary in complexity from short-term (5-7 d) batch cultures to longer-term fed-batch (7-10 d) or perfusion processes (7 to 2 30 d).