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Genetic Manipulation of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous and Phaffia rhodozyma
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
Microbiological and genetic techniques for manipulation are rudimentary in the yeast, while their utility would be valuable for strain development including hypermutants that overproduce astaxanthin.
These methods are valuable for understanding the biology and enhancing the biotechnology value of the yeast.
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Pouring Plates
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
Use at least one flask large enough to mix the media together after autoclaving.
Also autoclave a 1 L flask for pouring large volume of media.
6. For large volumes, transfer a portion to the 1 liter pouring flask.
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Treatment of Infections Due to Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
aureus , we have seven effective drugs in clinical use for which little resistance has been observed: vancomycin, quinupristin–dalfopristin, linezolid, tigecycline, telavancin, ceftaroline, and daptomycin.
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Determination of Virus Abundance by Epifluorescence Microscopy
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
Determination of virus abundance using epifluorescence microscopy is a rapid and accurate method.
The method was originally developed to determine the abundance of virus particles in water samples, however the protocol has been adapted for cultures and sediment samples.
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Interaction of Cationic Peptides with Bacterial Membranes
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
A common feature of cationic peptides is that their site of action is at the membrane due to channel formation, and that they tend to possess strong selectivity towards then target membrane.
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Isolation, Characterization, and Diversity of Novel Radiotolerant Carotenoid-Producing Bacteria
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
The results of a comprehensive 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis revealed a diversity of carotenoid-producing microorganisms (104 isolates) that were isolated at a high frequency from water samples collected at Misasa (Tottori, Japan), a region known for its high natural radioactivity content.
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Measuring Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations in Mycobacteria
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
An agar dilution method for measuring minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ofMycobacterium tuberculosis , based on the method of proportion, is described.
Mycobacterium strains are grown on Middlebrook 7H10 (or 7H11) agar medium with twofold serially diluted drug concentrations in order to determine specific inhibitory values.
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Circular Dichroism Studies of Secondary Structure of Peptides
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
In UV-visible spectroscopy, the transition process is described by the Beer-Lambert Law, A = ε cd , in which A is the experimentally measured absorbance, ε is the extinction coefficient,c is the molar concentration of solute, andd is the path length.
Absorbance, A, is plotted vs energy or wavelength of the light.
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Study on the relationship between Helicobacteria and heterointestinal ulcers
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
According to a report abroad, 345 cases of indigestion with HP settled without heteoscopic ulcer disease occurred in only 2 cases of 12-finger intestinal ulcers in 3 years of endoscopy and clinical follow-up.
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Extraction of Cell Wall-Bound Teichoic Acids and Surface Proteins from Listeria monocytogenes
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
Surface proteins can be associated to the cell wall by covalent bonds that anchor the protein to the peptidoglycan lattice.
In this chapter, we describe methods for the extraction and analysis of (i) WTAs, (ii) covalently, and (iii) non-covalently cell wall-bound surface proteins from the Gram-positive pathogenListeria monocytogenes .
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PCR for the Detection of Influenza Viruses in Clinical Material
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
Influenza viruses are segmented, negative-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the familyOrthomyxoviridae .
They are classified into influenza A, B, and C on the basis of different epitopes on the nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix proteins (M).
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Growing Poxviruses and Determining Virus Titer
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
The virus can then be semipurified by centrifugation through a sucrose cushion.
Further purification can be achieved with a sucrose gradient.
This chapter describes methods for the preparation of large-scale growth and purification of the virus.
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Carp bait disease
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
Fide situation popular in the water temperature of 6 to 18 degrees C, and slightly flowing water, water quality thin, oxygen-soluble tank carp and flowing water winter pool, when the fish body injured more prone to outbreak epidemic.
When the water temperature rises above 20 degrees C, the disease can be cured.
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The Impact o Molecular Techniques on the Study of Meningococcal Disease
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
This antigenically variable gram-negative diplococcus has the potential, however, to cause rapidly progressing meningitis and fulminant septicemia, either separately or together ( 1 , 2 ).
Once present in the bloodstream, meningococci grow rapidly and their highly toxic lipo-oligosaccharides frequently cause extensive tissue damage and severe toxic shock.
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Rapid Sequencing of Parasite rRNA
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
Owing to the presence of a series of highly conserved domains, rRNAs can serve as general indicators, even among the most distant living species ( 6 – 11 ).
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Assessment of Magnaporthe grisea mating type by spore PCR
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
grisea conidia directly for PCR analysis without extraction of DNA.
This spore PCR protocol can be applicable to other fungi and may be useful for rapid PCR assay without DNA preparation in analyzing transformants and field collections.
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Directed Evolution of Enzymes: How to Improve Nucleic Acid Polymerases for Biocatalysis
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
In this chapter, we introduce basic techniques necessary for improving enzyme function by directed evolution, and we use the “tuning” of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase toward decreased fidelity as an example.
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A novel method of growing fungi for DNA extraction
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
In this note, the possibility of extracting DNA suitable forPCR amplification from mycelium grown on reverse agar media is documented.
Miniprep DNA (b-d), ITS 1-4 amplification (e-g) and HinfI restriction digests (h-j) from fungi grown on malt extract reverse agar.
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Synthetic Lethal Screen
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
A plasmid containing theADE3/ADE8 gene and the wild-type gene of interest must then be transformed into the strain, which results in red colonies with white sectors where the plasmid has been lost.
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Magnetic Particle-Based Separation Techniques for Monitoring Bacteria from Natural Environments
Time of Update: 2021-01-30
Physical separation of either intact target cells or specific molecules from many environments can result in a suspension free of contaminating particles, nontarget cells and biological inhibitors and highly enriched in the target cells or molecules of interest.
