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The global ocean covers an area of 360 million square kilometers, covering nearly 71% of the earth's surface.
It contains abundant natural resources and has great development potential
.
In addition to a large number of animals and plants living in the marine environment, many marine micro-organisms that have not been discovered or fully studied, their types, abundance and ecological functions may far exceed people's imagination
.
These marine microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, etc.
) can not only regulate population density and ecological stability, but also participate extensively in the biochemical cycle of the earth
.
For example, in the metabolic process, certain marine bacteria can convert the carbon fixed by phytoplankton into inert organic carbon that is difficult to decompose, thereby enhancing the carbon dioxide fixation capacity of the ocean [1]
.
Given that viruses may be the most abundant life form in marine ecosystems, more and more scientists are beginning to explore the diversity and ecological functions of marine viruses
.
Previous studies have found that marine viruses may participate in many important biochemical processes through their own mechanisms
.
For example, on the one hand, bacteriophages lyse bacteria to release complex cellular materials, a considerable part of which has the characteristics of bioavailability inertness [2]; on the other hand, marine viruses can also participate in the carbon cycle process through their own genes, such as in some The photosynthesis-related protein coding genes found in phage [3] and the chlorophyll metabolism-related protein coding genes found in the nuclear cytomegalo DNA virus (NCLDV) [4], suggesting that the virus may obtain genes from the host through horizontal gene transfer, and Survival is achieved by compensating for host metabolic activity
.
However, traditional marine virus research mostly focuses on DNA viruses represented by bacteriophages, and the genetic diversity, distribution characteristics, and transmission modes of RNA viruses with high diversity and unstable genomes are unclear
.
The development of high-throughput sequencing technology and macrotranscriptome analysis technology provides an effective way to uncover the "mystery" of the marine virus ecosystem
.
Cui Jie’s research group at the Shanghai Pasteur Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences collected 58 marine invertebrates samples from 3 phyla, 6 classes, and used macrotranscriptome sequencing and vironomic analysis to discover more than 300 new marine RNA viruses.
These viruses cover 9 virus families (order or family level)
.
Combining genome structure and statistical analysis, the team demonstrated a wealth of marine virus genetic diversity and viral genome plasticity, and revealed the possible host sharing phenomenon between different sea areas and different host categories [5]
.
The correlation between host sharing and the number of viruses (picture provided by Cui Jie's laboratory) Since the diversity of RNA viruses in shallow seas was reported, it is still unclear whether deep-sea organisms carry certain types of RNA viruses
.
On September 16, 2021, Science Bulletin published online the latest research results of Cui Jie's team entitled "Comparative study of the malacostraca viromes between deep sea and shallow water" in the form of Short Communication [6]
.
The team conducted a virus group analysis of a deep-sea shrimp (Shinkaia crosnieri, Latin name Shinkaia crosnieri) collected by the scientific research ship "Science" in the cold spring area of the deep sea, living at a depth of 1,100 meters.
Animals (shrimp, crab, etc.
) are compared with virus groups
.
Researchers have identified 10 types of RNA viruses carried by deep-sea organisms, and based on the comparison of deep-sea and shallow-sea virus groups, they showed the differences and similarities in the structure of marine organisms at different depths
.
The study found that the viruses belonging to Articulavirales and Qinviridae are only distributed in deep-sea soft beetles, while the remaining 8 types of viruses exist in both deep-sea and shallow-sea soft beetles
.
In addition, genome structure analysis shows that these newly discovered marine viruses have a high degree of flexibility in genetic characteristics and arrangement
.
The distribution characteristics of deep and shallow sea arachnid virus groups.
On the whole, the research team analyzed the deep and shallow sea invertebrate RNA virus groups and delineated the virus ecosystem to provide information on the evolution and spread of marine RNA viruses.
Genetic characteristics and ecological characteristics provide important insights
.
In the next research, in addition to revealing the diversity of marine viruses, the team hopes to further explore the host metabolism and biogeochemical processes that these marine viruses may participate in, and apply them to the fields of fishery production, ecological stability, and biosecurity
.
[Reference] Jiao N et al.
“Microbial production of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter: long-term carbon storage in the global ocean.
” Nature Reviews Microbiology.
doi:10.
1038/nrmicro2386 (2010)Jacquet S et al.
“Viruses in aquatic ecosystems: important advancements of the last 20 years and prospects for the future in the field of microbial oceanography and limnology.
" Advances in Oceanography and Limnology.
doi: 10.
1080/19475721003743843 (2010) Lindell D et al.
"Photosynthesis genes in marine viruses yield proteins during host infection.
" Nature.
doi:10.
1038/nature04111 (2005)Schulz F et al.
"Giant virus diversity and host interactions through global metagenomics.
" Nature.
doi:10.
1038/s41586-020-1957-x (2020)Zhang YY et al.
“Viromes in marine ecosystems reveal remarkable invertebrate RNA virus diversity.
” Science China Life Sciences.
doi:10.
1007/s11427-020-1936-2 (2021)Zhang YY et al.
“Comparative study of the malacostraca viromes between deep sea and shallow water.
” Science Bulletin.
https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
scib.
2021.
09 .
008 (2021)
It contains abundant natural resources and has great development potential
.
In addition to a large number of animals and plants living in the marine environment, many marine micro-organisms that have not been discovered or fully studied, their types, abundance and ecological functions may far exceed people's imagination
.
These marine microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, etc.
) can not only regulate population density and ecological stability, but also participate extensively in the biochemical cycle of the earth
.
For example, in the metabolic process, certain marine bacteria can convert the carbon fixed by phytoplankton into inert organic carbon that is difficult to decompose, thereby enhancing the carbon dioxide fixation capacity of the ocean [1]
.
Given that viruses may be the most abundant life form in marine ecosystems, more and more scientists are beginning to explore the diversity and ecological functions of marine viruses
.
Previous studies have found that marine viruses may participate in many important biochemical processes through their own mechanisms
.
For example, on the one hand, bacteriophages lyse bacteria to release complex cellular materials, a considerable part of which has the characteristics of bioavailability inertness [2]; on the other hand, marine viruses can also participate in the carbon cycle process through their own genes, such as in some The photosynthesis-related protein coding genes found in phage [3] and the chlorophyll metabolism-related protein coding genes found in the nuclear cytomegalo DNA virus (NCLDV) [4], suggesting that the virus may obtain genes from the host through horizontal gene transfer, and Survival is achieved by compensating for host metabolic activity
.
However, traditional marine virus research mostly focuses on DNA viruses represented by bacteriophages, and the genetic diversity, distribution characteristics, and transmission modes of RNA viruses with high diversity and unstable genomes are unclear
.
The development of high-throughput sequencing technology and macrotranscriptome analysis technology provides an effective way to uncover the "mystery" of the marine virus ecosystem
.
Cui Jie’s research group at the Shanghai Pasteur Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences collected 58 marine invertebrates samples from 3 phyla, 6 classes, and used macrotranscriptome sequencing and vironomic analysis to discover more than 300 new marine RNA viruses.
These viruses cover 9 virus families (order or family level)
.
Combining genome structure and statistical analysis, the team demonstrated a wealth of marine virus genetic diversity and viral genome plasticity, and revealed the possible host sharing phenomenon between different sea areas and different host categories [5]
.
The correlation between host sharing and the number of viruses (picture provided by Cui Jie's laboratory) Since the diversity of RNA viruses in shallow seas was reported, it is still unclear whether deep-sea organisms carry certain types of RNA viruses
.
On September 16, 2021, Science Bulletin published online the latest research results of Cui Jie's team entitled "Comparative study of the malacostraca viromes between deep sea and shallow water" in the form of Short Communication [6]
.
The team conducted a virus group analysis of a deep-sea shrimp (Shinkaia crosnieri, Latin name Shinkaia crosnieri) collected by the scientific research ship "Science" in the cold spring area of the deep sea, living at a depth of 1,100 meters.
Animals (shrimp, crab, etc.
) are compared with virus groups
.
Researchers have identified 10 types of RNA viruses carried by deep-sea organisms, and based on the comparison of deep-sea and shallow-sea virus groups, they showed the differences and similarities in the structure of marine organisms at different depths
.
The study found that the viruses belonging to Articulavirales and Qinviridae are only distributed in deep-sea soft beetles, while the remaining 8 types of viruses exist in both deep-sea and shallow-sea soft beetles
.
In addition, genome structure analysis shows that these newly discovered marine viruses have a high degree of flexibility in genetic characteristics and arrangement
.
The distribution characteristics of deep and shallow sea arachnid virus groups.
On the whole, the research team analyzed the deep and shallow sea invertebrate RNA virus groups and delineated the virus ecosystem to provide information on the evolution and spread of marine RNA viruses.
Genetic characteristics and ecological characteristics provide important insights
.
In the next research, in addition to revealing the diversity of marine viruses, the team hopes to further explore the host metabolism and biogeochemical processes that these marine viruses may participate in, and apply them to the fields of fishery production, ecological stability, and biosecurity
.
[Reference] Jiao N et al.
“Microbial production of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter: long-term carbon storage in the global ocean.
” Nature Reviews Microbiology.
doi:10.
1038/nrmicro2386 (2010)Jacquet S et al.
“Viruses in aquatic ecosystems: important advancements of the last 20 years and prospects for the future in the field of microbial oceanography and limnology.
" Advances in Oceanography and Limnology.
doi: 10.
1080/19475721003743843 (2010) Lindell D et al.
"Photosynthesis genes in marine viruses yield proteins during host infection.
" Nature.
doi:10.
1038/nature04111 (2005)Schulz F et al.
"Giant virus diversity and host interactions through global metagenomics.
" Nature.
doi:10.
1038/s41586-020-1957-x (2020)Zhang YY et al.
“Viromes in marine ecosystems reveal remarkable invertebrate RNA virus diversity.
” Science China Life Sciences.
doi:10.
1007/s11427-020-1936-2 (2021)Zhang YY et al.
“Comparative study of the malacostraca viromes between deep sea and shallow water.
” Science Bulletin.
https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
scib.
2021.
09 .
008 (2021)
