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    Home > Biochemistry News > Microbiology News > A summary of the basics of microbiology.

    A summary of the basics of microbiology.

    • Last Update: 2020-07-29
    • Source: Internet
    • Author: User
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    Bacteria: is a small form, simple structure, cell wall tough ness to second-class; group ectopic: is the study of sugar transport found in an active transport party; fermentation: refers to microbial cells to the organic matter of oxidation release of electrons directly to; mutual relationship: two organisms that can live independently, live together; On the surface of the bacteria is a raw or dozens of thin; nutrients:bacteria: is a kind of small form, simple structure, cell wall tough in a second-class division mode reproduction and aquatic strong microbial in-line bacteria: growing in the medium, mainly absorbing nutrients of the mycelium-based culture type: the energy needed for the growth of these microorganisms from the organic oxidation process release of chemical energy, growth carbon sources are mainly organic compounds, such as some organic, carbon, such as the energy, such as organic, carbon, such as the growth of carbonthe seed allogeneic ectopic: is a active transport mode found in the study of sugar transport, and the transport of the transport of the material required energy, the transport of the transport of the material subjecttoated by chemical changes called the group shiftfermentation: refers to the microbial cells to the organic matter oxidation release of electrons directly to the substrate itself is not fully oxidized of a certain intermediate product, while releasing energy and producing a variety of different metabolitesinterbreeding: two organisms that can live independently, living together, whose life activities are either beneficial to one side or in the interest of both, i.ethe relationship between the two organisms living together is better than living alonemembrane: a layer of loose transparency formed on the surface of the cell, the viscosity is great, the form is more fixed gel spores: some bacteria in the later stage of their growth and development, in the cell to form an oval or cylindrical anti-sleep gas cocci: secondary mycelium, the base of the mycelium growing to space for a certain period of time, Anabolic: refers to the process by which cells synthesize complex macromolecules using simple small molecules, in which they consume energy and energy: such microorganisms cannot use CO2 as the sole carbon source or primary carbon source, need to use organic matter as a hydrogen donor, use light energy to reduce CO2 to cell matterantagony: when two organisms live together, a certain organism can produce certain metabolites to inhibit the growth and development of its species, or even kill their interrelationshipswhiplash: a small or dozens of elongated, wavy curved filaments on the surface of certain bacillus or Vibrio bacteria, which are the moving organs of bacteriaYeast: A class of single-celled fungi, mainly bud-breeding,nutrients: any substance seamounts that can meet the growth and reproduction of microbial organisms and complete various physiological activitieswater activity: under certain temperature and pressure conditions, the vapor pressure of the solution and the ratio of pure water vapor pressure under the same conditions: microorganisms in the process of degradation of the substrate, the release of electrons to NAD (P), FAD and other electronic carriers, and then through the electronic transmission system to the external electron receptors, thus generating water or other prototype products and release energy process bacteria decline: refers to the spontaneous due to the spontaneous The result of mutation and make a species of the original series of biological traits of quantitative or qualitative phenomenon Fungal: cell walls, there are one or more cell nuclei, leafless green serobox, living in an exotic way, a few groups of single cells, and most have developed branches of mycelium, can carry out sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction of a class of microorganismsSub-spores: A single or cluster of spores that are directly differentiated by mycelium branching top cells or myceliumMedium: A nutritional matrix that is artificially formulated and suitable for microbial growth and reproduction or metabolitesChemical energy self-cultivation: These microorganisms use the chemical energy released during the oxidation of inorganic matter as the energy they need to grow, with CO2 or carbonate as the sole or primary carbon source, and the use of electron feedas such as hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, divalent iron ions or nitrites to reduce CO2 into cellular substancesanaerobic breathing: the biooxidation process of oxidizing compounds as the ultimate electron receptorsymbiotic relationship: the two organisms live closely together, depend on each other, create favorable conditions for each other, or even separate each other Physiologicaldivision of labor, the exchange of life activity products, the formation of a new form in tissue, the structure of the interrelationship growth factors: those microorganisms are necessary to grow and the amount of need is very small, but the micro-organisms themselves can not synthesize or synthesis insufficient amount of organic compounds to meet the needs of the body growth light energy self-cultivation type: this is a class of microbes that can use CO2 as the sole carbon source or primary carbon source and use light energy to grow, to break down and metabolize: cells degrade macromolecules into small molecules and generate energy in the process Aerobic respiration: the biooxidation process feedback inhibition with molecular oxygen as the final electron receptor: in the event of an excess of the end product (final product) of a metabolic pathway, the product in turn directly inhibits the activity of the first enzyme in the pathway, causing the entire reaction process to slow down or stop, thus avoiding excessive accumulation of the end product Parasitic: The phenomenon of a creature living in another organism or body surface, from which nutrients are obtained for reproduction, and causing damage or even death to the latter organism the concept of pronuclear microorganisms microorganisms, characterized by the general term of some small, simple," and the general name of the low-level organisms with simple structures 1) Small body, simple structure 2) a wide variety, widedistribution 3) metabolic type, metabolic capacity 4) growth and reproduction fast, culture easy 5) easy to change, adaptability the basic form of bacteria: with spherical, rod and spiral three basic forms the basic structure of bacterial cells: cell walls, cell membranes, endothelial systems (interbody, carrier, cytoenzyme), nucleus, plasmids, cytoplasm (ribosomes, bubbles, granular inclusions) special structures: film, whiplash, bacteria, buds, geriature dye reaction mechanism: bacteria to gram-dye different components and structures The content and cross-linking degree of gram-positive bacteria peptidepolysis are higher, the number of layers is also high, so the cell wall is thick, the gap on the wall is small, the crystalline purple-iodine complex formed after the media dye is not easy to disengage from the cell wall; And the grun-negative bacteria peptide polysaccharides content and cross-linking degree is low, the number of layers is also small (most 1 layer, individual up to 2 layers), so its wall is thinner, the wall of the pore is larger; membrane function: A prevent bacteria from drying out; B Adsorption of cationion; C Forming a bacteriological group to prevent protozoa and eukaryotic stoulogy; D Preventthe host from phgoagulation; E To prevent the violation of phages and other substances (lysozyme seoids or supplements); F is the main surface antigen; G is the necessary adhesion factor for certain pathogens the process of germ formation: axone formation , pre-spore formation , pre-spore diaphragm formation , pre-spore development and maturation , spore formation , spore snucleosis , bud cell free bacteria reproduction mode and process: two split mode, (1) bacteria Elongated, nucleosome division (2) formed horizontal next door (3) subcellular separation bacterial colonies characteristics: wet, viscous, easy to stir, uniform texture, the color of the colonies consistent line bacteria: with a silky branch of the cell's pronuclear microorganisms The morphological structure of the kineficosis-gas-spores-spores-spores-spores-based bacteria is a filamentous branch of cells, without a diaphragm, and is generally a single cell the breeding mode of the : mainly through the way of asexual spores reproduction, but also by the silk fracture fragment spawning line colony characteristics: smaller, solid, dry, multi-wrinkle, do not provoke, the surface has a radioactive trench the breeding patterns of eukaryotic seycin and viral yeast: asexual reproduction (bud breeding, bud cracking, cracking), sexual reproduction (sacspores) the life history of yeasts: there are three types 1 Single-size 2 Double size 3 Single double body type, such as: haplotype: in the life history of the haploid stage is longer, diploblast cells can not live independently, so the diploid stage is very short, such as octave crackling yeast The main points of the process are: monoploid nutrient cell cracking and reproduction: two nutrient cells in contact with the quality match ing, quality immediately nuclear matching; Common white, khaki, and red Mold reproduction mode: asexual spores (endogenous spores - spores; exogenous spores - sub-spores, spores; mycelium cell formation - thick spores) spores (egg, joint spores, subseuchs) mycosin fragmente elongated, resulting in branch-fractured reproduction joint spores formation process: the original match The matching sacs , the ligand sacs engaged , the joint spores the characteristics of the mold colonies : large, loose, dry, opaque, many fluffy, floc or mesh, etc , the bacteria can spread along the surface of the medium, because different fungal spores contain different pigments, so the colonies can be red, yellow, green, green, green, green, black, black, white, gray and other colors virus: a very small, simple structure, very special nature of life forms Virus characteristics: 1) the individual is very small; (2) lack of independent metabolic capacity, (3) no cellular structure, (4) insensitive to general antibiotics, sensitive to interferon, (5) have a dual presence chemical composition of the virus: nucleic acids and proteins Virus proliferation process: adsorption, invasion, synthesis, assembly, release eukaryotes and pronuclear microorganisms comparison form size cell wall cell cell membrane cell-cell core reproduction mode growth PH metabolism type growth PH metabolism type genetic recombination mode eukaryotic seine diameter from 2um-100um glucose, glycosa and other common lysine mitochondria, internal network, liquid foam, etc Ribosome 80s, non-body with nuclear membrane kernels, multi-chromosome DNA and RNA and protein bondy yeast: bud-based mold: asexual spores and sexual spores Yeast: larger, round, smooth mold: large and loose, mostly hairy polyene antibiotic sensitivity to penicillin, tetracycline and other insensitive acidic acidic osmoferri, oxygen, and anaerobic, and adhesion Pronuclear microbes diameter less than 2um mainly peptide polysaccharides generally no sterols (except mycoplasma) wireless granules, internal network, etc., Ribosome 70s, there is an interbody non-nuclear membrane kernel, single chromosome, DNA and RNA do not join with protein splinter mainly, very few have a sexual joint bacteria: small, have a variety of shapes, smooth line bacteria: small and dense, dry with eyremicrosis opposite neutral or alkaline direct oxygen Type and hexalymic type, specialized or homogenous aerobic and anaerobic, nitrogen-fixing capacity transformation, transduction, joint, etc are mostly multi-cell, branched mycelium single cells, regardless of branch (except for line bacteria) microorganism nutrition and metabolism of microorganisms nutrients: (1 Carbon source (2) nitrogen source (3) energy (4) inorganic salt (5) growth factor (6) water the nutritional type of microorganisms: light energy self-oxygen type, light energy isooxygen type, chemical energy self-oxygen type, chemical energy hexaoxygen type according to carbon Source, energy, hydrogen supply division the effects of water activity on microorganisms: microbes generally grow under the condition of ?w 0.60-0.99, ?w is too low, the delay period of microbial growth is extended, compared to the growth rate and total growth is reduced Premature death of high microorganisms And the micro-organisms are different, its growth is the most appropriate?w different the absorption of nutrients by microorganisms: simple diffusion, promotion of diffusion, active transport, the basic principles of the group ectopic preparation of the medium: clear purpose, nutrition coordination, physical and chemical conditions, economic savings the type of medium: according to the type of microorganisms: bacteria, line bacteria, yeast, mold medium Divided by ingredients: natural media, synthetic media, semi-synthetic media Divided by physical state: solid medium, semi-solid medium, liquid medium, divided by use: base medium, plus rich medium, select medium, identify the synthesis of amino acids in the metabolism of the medium: 1, aminoization action: alpha-ketone acid and ammonia reaction to form the corresponding amino acid 2, transaminal action: refers to the transaminase catalysis, so that An amino acid amino acid transfer to ketoic acid, the formation of a new amino acid process 3, precursor transformation: sugar metabolism intermediate products through a series of biochemical reactions synthesis self-oxygen microorganisms fixed co2 three ways: carage cycle, anaerobic acetyl-CoA way, reductive triacetic acid circulation enzyme pathway activity regulation: a metabolic regulation at the enzyme molecular level It regulates the rate of metabolism by changing the activity of ready-made enzyme molecules Including: 1 Enzyme activation: in the decomposition metabolic pathway, the subsequent reaction can be promoted by the previous intermediate products 2。 Feedback inhibition: When the end product (end product) of a metabolic pathway is excessive, the product in turn directly inhibits the activity of the first enzyme in the pathway, causing the entire reaction process to slow down or stop, thus avoiding excessive accumulation of the end product It can also be divided into: 1, linear metabolic pathway feedback inhibition 2, branch metabolic pathway feedback inhibition (isoenzyme regulation, collaborative feedback inhibition, cumulative feedback inhibition) EMP pathways: mainly: (1) glucose , 1,6-diphosphate (2) 1.
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